Webster's Unabridged Dictionary - Letter R - Page 29
Reflection (n.) 反射；回響；反射光，回聲 [U]；映象，倒影 [C] Result of meditation; thought or opinion after attentive consideration or contemplation; especially, thoughts suggested by truth.
Job's reflections on his once flourishing estate did at the same time afflict and encourage him. -- Atterbury.
Reflection (n.) Censure; reproach cast.
He died; and oh! may no reflection shed Its poisonous venom on the royal dead. -- Prior.
Reflection (n.) (Physiol.) The transference of an excitement from one nerve fiber to another by means of the nerve cells, as in reflex action. See {Reflex action}, under {Reflex}.
{Angle of reflection}, the angle which anything, as a ray of light, on leaving a reflecting surface, makes with the perpendicular to the surface.
{Angle of total reflection}. (Opt.) Same as {Critical angle}, under {Critical}.
Syn: Meditation; contemplation; rumination; cogitation; consideration; musing; thinking.
Reflection (n.) A calm, lengthy, intent consideration [syn: {contemplation}, {reflection}, {reflexion}, {rumination}, {musing}, {thoughtfulness}].
Reflection (n.) The phenomenon of a propagating wave (light or sound) being thrown back from a surface [syn: {reflection}, {reflexion}].
Reflection (n.) Expression without words; "tears are an expression of grief"; "the pulse is a reflection of the heart's condition" [syn: {expression}, {manifestation}, {reflection}, {reflexion}].
Reflection (n.) A likeness in which left and right are reversed [syn: {mirror image}, {reflection}, {reflexion}].
Reflection (n.) The image of something as reflected by a mirror (or other reflective material); "he studied his reflection in the mirror" [syn: {reflection}, {reflexion}].
Reflection (n.) (Mathematics) A transformation in which the direction of one axis is reversed.
Reflection (n.) A remark expressing careful consideration [syn: {observation}, {reflection}, {reflexion}].
Reflection (n.) The ability to reflect beams or rays [syn: {reflection}, {reflexion}, {reflectivity}].
Reflective (a.) 反射的；反照的；思考的，沉思的 Throwing back images; as, a reflective mirror.
Reflective (a.) Capable of exercising thought or judgment; as, reflective reason.
Reflective (a.) Addicted to introspective or meditative habits; as, a reflective person.
Reflective (a.) Reflexive; reciprocal.
Reflector (n.) [C] 反射器；反射鏡；反射物；反射望遠鏡 One who, or that which, reflects.
Reflector (n.) Something having a polished surface for reflecting light or heat, as a mirror, a speculum, etc.
Reflector (n.) A reflecting telescope.
Reflector (n.) A device for reflecting sound.
Reflex (a.) 反射的；反作用的；【生理】反射作用的 Directed back; attended by reflection; retroactive; introspective.
The reflex act of the soul, or the turning of the intellectual eye inward upon its own actions. -- Sir M. Hale.
Reflex (a.) Produced in reaction, in resistance, or in return.
Reflex (a.) (Physiol.) Of, pertaining to, or produced by, stimulus or excitation without the necessary intervention of consciousness.
{Reflex action} (Physiol.), any action performed involuntarily in consequence of an impulse or impression transmitted along afferent nerves to a nerve center, from which it is reflected to an efferent nerve, and so calls into action certain muscles, organs, or cells.
{Reflex nerve} (Physiol.), an excito-motory nerve. See {Exito-motory}.
Reflex (n.) 反射；反映 [C]；反射光；反射熱 [C] Reflection; the light reflected from an illuminated surface to one in shade.
Yon gray is not the morning's eye, 'Tis but the pale reflex of Cynthia's brow. --Shak.
On the depths of death there swims The reflex of a human face. -- Tennyson.
Reflex (n.) (Physiol.) An involuntary movement produced by reflex action.
{Patellar reflex}. See {Knee jerk}, under {Knee}.
Reflex (v. t.) 使經受反射；使折回 To reflect. [Obs.] -- Shak,
Reflex (v. t.) To bend back; to turn back. -- J. Gregory.
Reflex (a.) Without volition or conscious control; "the automatic shrinking of the pupils of the eye in strong light"; "a reflex knee jerk"; "sneezing is reflexive" [syn: {automatic}, {reflex(a)}, {reflexive}].
Reflex (n.) An automatic instinctive unlearned reaction to a stimulus [syn: {reflex}, {reflex response}, {reflex action}, {instinctive reflex}, {innate reflex}, {inborn reflex}, {unconditioned reflex}, {physiological reaction}].
Reflex (n.) [ C ] 反射動作；反射作用；本能反應 A physical reaction to something that you cannot control.
// I'm sorry I punched him, it was a reflex action/response.
Reflexes (n. pl.) 反應能力 The ability to react quickly.
// Fighter pilots need good/ fast reflexes.
Reflex (a.) (Specialized) 優角（描述大於180°而小於360°的一個角） A reflex angle is more than 180° and less than 360°.
Compare: Acute
Acute (a.) (Extreme) 十分嚴重的 If a bad situation is acute, it causes severe problems or damage.
// She felt acute embarrassment/anxiety/concern at his behaviour.
// The problem of poverty is particularly acute in rural areas.
Acute (a.) (Extreme) （病痛）急性的，劇烈的 An acute pain or illness is one that quickly becomes very severe.
// Acute abdominal pains.
// An acute attack of appendicitis.
Acute (a.) (Accurate/ Clever) （感官等）敏銳的，靈敏的；機敏的，有洞察力的 Used to describe intelligence, senses, etc. that are very good, accurate, and able to notice very small differences.
// Acute eyesight/ hearing.
// An acute sense of smell.
// A woman of acute intelligence/ judgment.
Acute (a.) (Angle) 銳角的 An acute angle is less than 90 degrees.
Acute (n.) [ C ] (Also Acute accent) 銳音符 A sign that is written above a letter in some languages, showing you how to pronounce the letter.
// There's an acute accent on the e in "café."
Compare: Obtuse
Obtuse (a.) (Angle) (Specialized) (Mathematics) (Of an angle) （角度）鈍角的 More than 90° and less than 180°.
Obtuse (a.) (Stupid) (Formal) 愚笨的；遲鈍的；遲緩的 Stupid and slow to understand, or unwilling to try to understand.
// The answer's obvious - or are you being deliberately obtuse?
Reflex angle (n.) [ C ] (Specialized) 優角，反射角 An angle that is more than 180° and less than 360°.
Reflexed (a.) Bent backward or outward.
Reflexed (a.) (Of leaves) Bent downward and outward more than 90 degrees.
Reflexibility (n.) The quality or capability of being reflexible; as, the reflexibility of the rays of light. -- Sir I. Newton.
Reflexible (a.) Capable of being reflected, or thrown back.
The light of the sun consists of rays differently refrangible and reflexible. -- Cheyne.
Compare: Reflection
Reflection (n.) The act of reflecting, or turning or sending back, or the state of being reflected. Specifically:
Reflection (n.) (a) The return of rays, beams, sound, or the like, from a surface. See Angle of reflection, below.
The eye sees not itself, But by reflection, by some other things. -- Shak.
Reflection (n.) (b) The reverting of the mind to that which has already occupied it; continued consideration; meditation; contemplation; hence, also, that operation or power of the mind by which it is conscious of its own acts or states; the capacity for judging rationally, especially in view of a moral rule or standard.
By reflection, . . . I would be understood to mean, that notice which the mind takes of its own operations, and the manner of them, by reason whereof there come to be ideas of these operations in the understanding. -- Locke.
This delight grows and improves under thought and reflection. -- South.
Reflection (n.) Shining; brightness, as of the sun. [Obs.] -- Shak.
Reflection (n.) That which is produced by reflection. Specifically:
Reflection (n.) (a) An image given back from a reflecting surface; a reflected counterpart.
As the sun water we can bear, Yet not the sun, but his reflection, there. -- Dryden.
Reflection (n.) (b) A part reflected, or turned back, at an angle; as, the reflection of a membrane.
Reflection (n.) (c) Result of meditation; thought or opinion after attentive consideration or contemplation; especially, thoughts suggested by truth.
Job's reflections on his once flourishing estate did at the same time afflict and encourage him. -- Atterbury.
Reflection (n.) Censure; reproach cast.
He died; and oh! may no reflection shed Its poisonous venom on the royal dead. -- Prior.
Reflection (n.) (Physiol.) The transference of an excitement from one nerve fiber to another by means of the nerve cells, as in reflex action. See Reflex action, under Reflex.
Angle of reflection, The angle which anything, as a ray of light, on leaving a reflecting surface, makes with the perpendicular to the surface.
Angle of total reflection. (Opt.) Same as Critical angle, under Critical.
Syn: Meditation; contemplation; rumination; cogitation; consideration; musing; thinking.
Reflection (n.) A calm, lengthy, intent consideration [syn: contemplation, reflection, reflexion, rumination, musing, thoughtfulness].
Reflection (n.) The phenomenon of a propagating wave (light or sound) being thrown back from a surface [syn: reflection, reflexion].
Reflection (n.) Expression without words; "tears are an expression of grief"; "the pulse is a reflection of the heart's condition" [syn: expression, manifestation, reflection, reflexion].
Reflection (n.) A likeness in which left and right are reversed [syn: mirror image, reflection, reflexion].
Reflection (n.) The image of something as reflected by a mirror (or other reflective material); "he studied his reflection in the mirror" [syn: reflection, reflexion].
Reflection (n.) (Mathematics) A transformation in which the direction of one axis is reversed.
Reflection (n.) A remark expressing careful consideration [syn: observation, reflection, reflexion].
Reflection (n.) The ability to reflect beams or rays [syn: reflection, reflexion, reflectivity].
Reflection (n.) An action of the mind whereby we obtain a clearer view of our relation to the things of yesterday and are able to avoid the perils that we shall not again encounter.
Reflexion (n.) See Reflection. -- Chaucer.
Reflexion (n.) The phenomenon of a propagating wave (light or sound) being thrown back from a surface [syn: reflection, reflexion].
Reflexion (n.) Expression without words; "tears are an expression of grief"; "the pulse is a reflection of the heart's condition" [syn: expression, manifestation, reflection, reflexion].
Reflexion (n.) A remark expressing careful consideration [syn: observation, reflection, reflexion].
Reflexion (n.) A calm, lengthy, intent consideration [syn: contemplation, reflection, reflexion, rumination, musing, thoughtfulness].
Reflexion (n.) The ability to reflect beams or rays [syn: reflection, reflexion, reflectivity].
Reflexion (n.) A likeness in which left and right are reversed [syn: mirror image, reflection, reflexion].
Reflexion (n.) The image of something as reflected by a mirror (or other reflective material); "he studied his reflection in the mirror" [syn: reflection, reflexion].
Reflexity (n.) The state or condition of being reflected. [R.]
Reflexive (a.) Bending or turned backward; reflective; having respect to something past.
Assurance reflexive can not be a divine faith. -- Hammond.
Reflexive (a.) Implying censure. [Obs.] "What man does not resent an ugly reflexive word?" -- South.
Reflexive (a.) (Gram.) Having for its direct object a pronoun which refers to the agent or subject as its antecedent; -- said of certain verbs; as, the witness perjured himself; I bethought myself. Applied also to pronouns of this class; reciprocal; reflective. -- Re*flex"ive*ly, adv. -- Re*flex"ive*ness, n.
Reflexive (a.) Without volition or conscious control; "the automatic shrinking of the pupils of the eye in strong light"; "a reflex knee jerk"; "sneezing is reflexive" [syn: automatic, reflex(a), reflexive].
Reflexive (a.) Referring back to itself [syn: reflexive, self-referent]
Reflexive (n.) A personal pronoun compounded with -self to show the agent's action affects the agent [syn: reflexive pronoun, reflexive].
Reflexive, () A relation R is reflexive if, for all x, x R x.
Equivalence relations, Pre-orders, partial orders and total orders are all reflexive.
(1999-01-28)
Reflexive (a.) (Grammar) (Language) （詞語）反身的 Reflexive words show that the person who does the action is also the person who is affected by it.
// In the sentence "She prides herself on doing a good job", "prides" is a reflexive verb and "herself" is a reflexive pronoun.
Reflexive (a.) (Movement) 反射（性）的；本能（反應）的 Done because of a physical reaction that you cannot control.
// I hadn't meant to answer her, it was simply reflexive.
Reflexively (adv.) 反射（性）地；本能（反應）地 In a way that is caused by an uncontrolled physical reaction.
// My arm went up reflexively.
Reflexly (adv.) In a reflex manner; reflectively.
Reflexly (adv.) In a reflex manner; "such effects can be induced reflexly."
Refloat (n.) Reflux; ebb. [Obs.] -- Bacon.
Refloat (v.) Set afloat again; "refloat a grounded boat."
Reflorescence (n.) (Bot.) A blossoming anew of a plant after it has apparently ceased blossoming for the season.
Reflourish (v. t. & i.) To flourish again.
Reflow (v. i.) To flow back; to ebb.
Reflower (v. i. & t.) To flower, or cause to flower, again. -- Sylvester.
Refluctuation (n.) A flowing back; refluence. Refluence
Refluence (n.) Alt. of Refluency.
Refluency (n.) The quality of being refluent; a flowing back.
Refluent (a.) Flowing back; returning; ebbing. -- Cowper.
And refluent through the pass of fear The battle's tide was poured. -- Sir W. Scott.
Reflueus (a.) Refluent. [Obs.]
Reflux (a.) Returning, or flowing back; reflex; as, reflux action.
Reflux (n.) A flowing back, as the return of a fluid; ebb; reaction; as, the flux and reflux of the tides.
All from me Shall with a fierce reflux on me redound. -- Milton.
Reflux (n.) An abnormal backward flow of body fluids.
Reflux (n.) The outward flow of the tide [syn: ebb, reflux].
Refocillate (v. t.) To refresh; to revive. [Obs.] -- Aubrey.
Refocillation (n.) Restoration of strength by refreshment. [Obs.] -- Middleton.
Refold (v. t.) To fold again.
Refoment (v. t.) To foment anew.
Reforestization (n.) The act or process of reforestizing.
Reforestize (v. t.) To convert again into a forest; to plant again with trees.
Reforge (v. t.) To forge again or anew; hence, to fashion or fabricate anew; to make over. -- Udall.
Reforge (v.) Cast or model anew; "She had to recast her image to please the electorate in her home state" [syn: recast, reforge, remodel].
Reforger (n.) One who reforges.
Reform (v. t.) To put into a new and improved form or condition; to restore to a former good state, or bring from bad to good; to change from worse to better; to amend; to correct; as, to reform a profligate man; to reform corrupt manners or morals.
The example alone of a vicious prince will corrupt an age; but that of a good one will not reform it. -- Swift.
Syn: To amend; correct; emend; rectify; mend; repair; better; improve; restore; reclaim.
Reform (v. i.) To return to a good state; to amend or correct one's own character or habits; as, a man of settled habits of vice will seldom reform.
Reform (n.) Amendment of what is defective, vicious, corrupt, or depraved; reformation; as, reform of elections; reform of government.
Civil service reform. See under Civil.
Reform acts (Eng. Politics), Acts of Parliament passed in 1832, 1867, 1884, 1885, extending and equalizing popular representation in Parliament.
Reform school, A school established by a state or city government, for the confinement, instruction, and reformation of juvenile offenders, and of young persons of idle, vicious, and vagrant habits. [U. S.]
Syn: Reformation; amendment; rectification; correction. See Reformation.
Re-formed (imp. & p. p.) of Re-form.
Re-forming (p. pr. & vb. n.) of Re-form.
Re-form (v. t. & i.) To give a new form to; to form anew; to take form again, or to take a new form; as, to re-form the line after a charge.
Reform (n.) A change for the better as a result of correcting abuses; "justice was for sale before the reform of the law courts."
Reform (n.) A campaign aimed to correct abuses or malpractices; "the reforms he proposed were too radical for the politicians."
Reform (n.) Self-improvement in behavior or morals by abandoning some vice; "the family rejoiced in the drunkard's reform."
Reform (v.) Make changes for improvement in order to remove abuse and injustices; "reform a political system."
Reform (v.) Bring, lead, or force to abandon a wrong or evil course of life, conduct, and adopt a right one; "The Church reformed me"; "reform your conduct" [syn: reform, reclaim, regenerate, rectify].
Reform (v.) Produce by cracking; "reform gas."
Reform (v.) Break up the molecules of; "reform oil."
Reform (v.) Improve by alteration or correction of errors or defects and put into a better condition; "reform the health system in this country."
Reform (v.) Change for the better; "The lazy student promised to reform"; "the habitual cheater finally saw the light" [syn: reform, straighten out, see the light].
Reform. () To reorganize; to rearrange as, the jury "shall be reformed by putting to and taking out of the persons so impanelled." Stat. 3 H. VIII. c. 12; Bac. Ab. Juries, A.
Reform. () To reform an instrument in equity, is to make a decree that a deed or other agreement shall be made or construed as it was originally intended by the parties, when an error or mistake as to a fact has been committed. A contract has been reformed, although the party applying to the court was in the legal profession, and he himself drew the contract, it appearing clear that it was framed so as to admit of a construction inconsistent with the true agreement of the parties. 1 Sim. & Stu. 210; 3 Russ. R. 424. But a contract will not be reformed in consequence of an error of law. 1 Russ. & M. 418; 1 Chit. Pr. 124.
Reform (v.) A thing that mostly satisfies reformers opposed to reformation.
Reform, AL -- U.S. city in Alabama
Population (2000): 1978
Housing Units (2000): 925
Land area (2000): 8.042385 sq. miles (20.829681 sq. km)
Water area (2000): 0.028421 sq. miles (0.073611 sq. km)
Total area (2000): 8.070806 sq. miles (20.903292 sq. km)
FIPS code: 64104
Located within: Alabama (AL), FIPS 01
Location: 33.380835 N, 88.015022 W
ZIP Codes (1990): 35481
Note: some ZIP codes may be omitted esp. for suburbs.
Headwords:
Reform, AL
Reform
Reformable (a.) Capable of being reformed. -- Foxe.
Reformable (a.) Susceptible to improvement or reform; "a redeemable sinner" [syn: redeemable, reformable].
Reformade (n.) A reformado. [Obs.]
Reformado (n.) A monk of a reformed order. [Obs.] -- Weever.
Reformado (n.) An officer who, in disgrace, is deprived of his command, but retains his rank, and sometimes his pay. [Obs.]
Reformalize (v. i.) To affect reformation; to pretend to correctness. [R.]
Reformation (n.) The act of reforming, or the state of being reformed; change from worse to better; correction or amendment of life, manners, or of anything vicious or corrupt; as, the reformation of manners; reformation of the age; reformation of abuses.
Satire lashes vice into reformation. -- Dryden.
Reformation (n.) Specifically (Eccl. Hist.), The important religious movement commenced by Luther early in the sixteenth century, which resulted in the formation of the various Protestant churches.
Syn: Reform; amendment; correction; rectification.
Usage: Reformation, Reform. Reformation is a more thorough and comprehensive change than reform. It is applied to subjects that are more important, and results in changes which are more lasting. A reformation involves, and is followed by, many particular reforms. "The pagan converts mention this great reformation of those who had been the greatest sinners, with that sudden and surprising change which the Christian religion made in the lives of the most profligate." -- Addison. "A variety of schemes, founded in visionary and impracticable ideas of reform, were suddenly produced." -- Pitt.
Reformation (n.) Improvement (or an intended improvement) in the existing form or condition of institutions or practices etc.; intended to make a striking change for the better in social or political or religious affairs.
Reformation (n.) A religious movement of the 16th century that began as an attempt to reform the Roman Catholic Church and resulted in the creation of Protestant churches [syn: Reformation, Protestant Reformation].
Reformation (n.) Rescuing from error and returning to a rightful course; "the reclamation of delinquent children" [syn: reclamation, reformation].
Reformation, () criminal law. The act of bringing back a criminal to such a sense of justice, so that he may live in society without any detriment to it.
Reformation, () The object of the criminal law ought to be to reform the criminal, while it protects society by his punishment. One of the best attempts at reformation is the plan of solitary confinement in a penitentiary. While the convict has time to reflect he cannot be injured by evil example or corrupt communication.
Re-formation (n.) The act of forming anew; a second forming in order; as, the reformation of a column of troops into a hollow square.
Re-formation (n.) Forming again (especially with improvements or removal of defects); renewing and reconstituting [syn: re-formation, regeneration].
Reformative (a.) Forming again; having the quality of renewing form; reformatory. -- Good.
Reformative (a.) Tending to reform; "reformative and rehabilitative agencies"; "reformatory punishment" [syn: reformative, reformatory].
Reformatory (a.) Tending to produce reformation; reformative.
-ries (n. pl. ) of Reformatory.
Reformatory (n.) An institution for promoting the reformation of offenders.
Magistrates may send juvenile offenders to reformatories instead of to prisons. -- Eng. Cyc.
Reformatory (a.) Tending to reform; "reformative and rehabilitative agencies"; "reformatory punishment" [syn: reformative, reformatory].
Reformatory (n.) Correctional institution for the detention and discipline and training of young or first offenders [syn: reformatory, reform school, training school].
Compare: Re-form
Re-form (v. t. & i.) [imp. & p. p. Re-formed; p. pr. & vb. n. Re-forming.] To give a new form to; to form anew; to take form again, or to take a new form; as, to re-form the line after a charge.
Reformed (a.) Corrected; amended; restored to purity or excellence; said, specifically, of the whole body of Protestant churches originating in the Reformation. Also, in a more restricted sense, of those who separated from Luther on the doctrine of consubstantiation, etc., and carried the Reformation, as they claimed, to a higher point. The Protestant churches founded by them in Switzerland, France, Holland, and part of Germany, were called the Reformed churches.
The town was one of the strongholds of the Reformed faith. -- Macaulay.
Reformed (a.) Amended in character and life; as, a reformed gambler or drunkard.
Reformed (a.) (Mil.) Retained in service on half or full pay after the disbandment of the company or troop; -- said of an officer.
Reformed (a.) Of or relating to the body of Protestant Christianity arising during the Reformation; used of some Protestant churches especially Calvinist as distinct from Lutheran; "Dutch Reformed theology."
Reformed (a.) Caused to abandon an evil manner of living and follow a good one; "a reformed drunkard."
Reformer (n.) One who effects a reformation or amendment; one who labors for, or urges, reform; as, a reformer of manners, or of abuses.
Reformer (n.) (Eccl.Hist.) One of those who commenced the reformation of religion in the sixteenth century, as Luther, Melanchthon, Zwingli, and Calvin.
Reformer (n.) A disputant who advocates reform [syn: reformer, reformist, crusader, social reformer, meliorist].
Reformer (n.) An apparatus that reforms the molecular structure of hydrocarbons to produce richer fuel; "a catalytic reformer."
Reformist (n.) A reformer.
Reformist (a.) Favoring or promoting reform (often by government action) [syn: progressive, reformist, reform-minded].
Reformist (n.) A disputant who advocates reform [syn: reformer, reformist, crusader, social reformer, meliorist].
Reformly (adv.) In the manner of a reform; for the purpose of reform. [Obs.] -- Milton.
Refortification (n.) A fortifying anew, or a second time. -- Mitford.
Refortify (v. t.) To fortify anew.
Refossion (n.) The act of digging up again. [Obs.] -- Bp. Hall.
Refound (v. t.) To found or cast anew. "Ancient bells refounded." -- T. Warton.
Refound (v. t.) To found or establish again; to reestablish.
Refound () imp. & p. p. of Refind, v. t.
Refounder (n.) One who refounds.
Refracted (imp. & p. p.) of Refract.
Refracting (p. pr. & vb. n.) of Refract.
Refract (v. t.) To bend sharply and abruptly back; to break off.
Refract (v. t.) To break the natural course of, as rays of light orr heat, when passing from one transparent medium to another of different density; to cause to deviate from a direct course by an action distinct from reflection; as, a dense medium refrcts the rays of light as they pass into it from a rare medium.
Refract (v.) Subject to refraction; "refract a light beam."
Refract (v.) Determine the refracting power of (a lens).
Refractable (a.) Capable of being refracted.
Refracted (a.) (Bot. & Zool.) Bent backward angularly, as if half-broken; as, a refracted stem or leaf.
Refracted (a.) Turned from a direct course by refraction; as, refracted rays of light.
Compare: Refract
Refract (v. t.) [imp. & p. p. Refracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Refracting.] To bend sharply and abruptly back; to break off.
Refract (v. t.) To break the natural course of, as rays of light orr heat, when passing from one transparent medium to another of different density; to cause to deviate from a direct course by an action distinct from reflection; as, a dense medium refrcts the rays of light as they pass into it from a rare medium.
Refracting (a.) Serving or tending to refract; as, a refracting medium.
Refracting angle of a prism (Opt.), The angle of a triangular prism included between the two sides through which the refracted beam passes in the decomposition of light.
Refracting telescope. (Opt.) See under Telescope.
Compare: Refract
Refract (v. t.) [imp. & p. p. Refracted; p. pr. & vb. n. Refracting.] To bend sharply and abruptly back; to break off.
Refract (v. t.) To break the natural course of, as rays of light orr heat, when passing from one transparent medium to another of different density; to cause to deviate from a direct course by an action distinct from reflection; as, a dense medium refrcts the rays of light as they pass into it from a rare medium.
Refraction (n.) The act of refracting, or the state of being refracted.
Refraction (n.) The change in the direction of ray of light, heat, or the like, when it enters obliquely a medium of a different density from that through which it has previously moved.
Refraction out of the rarer medium into the denser, is made towards the perpendicular. -- Sir I. Newton.
Refraction (n.) (Astron.) The change in the direction of a ray of light, and, consequently, in the apparent position of a heavenly body from which it emanates, arising from its passage through the earth's atmosphere; -- hence distinguished as atmospheric refraction, or astronomical refraction.
Refraction (n.) (Astron.) The correction which is to be deducted from the apparent altitude of a heavenly body on account of atmospheric refraction, in order to obtain the true altitude.
Angle of refraction (Opt.), The angle which a refracted ray makes with the perpendicular to the surface separating the two media traversed by the ray.
Conical refraction (Opt.), The refraction of a ray of light into an infinite number of rays, forming a hollow cone. This occurs when a ray of light is passed through crystals of some substances, under certain circumstances. Conical refraction is of two kinds; external conical refraction, in which the ray issues from the crystal in the form of a cone, the vertex of which is at the point of emergence; and internal conical refraction, in which the ray is changed into the form of a cone on entering the crystal, from which it issues in the form of a hollow cylinder. This singular phenomenon was first discovered by Sir W. R. Hamilton by mathematical reasoning alone, unaided by experiment.
Differential refraction (Astron.), The change of the apparent place of one object relative to a second object near it, due to refraction; also, the correction required to be made to the observed relative places of the two bodies.
Double refraction (Opt.), The refraction of light in two directions, which produces two distinct images. The power of double refraction is possessed by all crystals except those of the isometric system. A uniaxial crystal is said to be optically positive (like quartz), or optically negative (like calcite), or to have positive, or negative, double refraction, according as the optic axis is the axis of least or greatest elasticity for light; a biaxial crystal is similarly designated when the same relation holds for the acute bisectrix.
Index of refraction. See under Index.
Refraction circle (Opt.), An instrument provided with a graduated circle for the measurement of refraction.
Refraction of latitude, longitude, declination, right ascension, etc., The change in the apparent latitude, longitude, etc., of a heavenly body, due to the effect of atmospheric refraction.
Terrestrial refraction, The change in the apparent altitude of a distant point on or near the earth's surface, as the top of a mountain, arising from the passage of light from it to the eye through atmospheric strata of varying density.
Refraction (n.) The change in direction of a propagating wave (light or sound) when passing from one medium to another.
Refraction (n.) The amount by which a propagating wave is bent [syn: deflection, deflexion, refraction].
Refractive (a.) Serving or having power to refract, or turn from a direct course; pertaining to refraction; as, refractive surfaces; refractive powers.
Refractive index. (Opt.) See Index of refraction, under Index.
Absolute refractive index (Opt.), The index of refraction of a substances when the ray passes into it from a vacuum.
Relative refractive index (of two media) (Opt.), The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction for a ray passing out of one of the media into the other.
Refractive (a.) Of or relating to or capable of refraction; "the refractive characteristics of the eye" [syn: refractive, refractile].
Refractive (a.) Capable of changing the direction (of a light or sound wave) [syn: deflective, refractive].
Refractiveness (n.) The quality or condition of being refractive.
Refractiveness (n.) The physical property of a medium as determined by its index of refraction [syn: refractivity, refractiveness].
Compare: Interferometer
Interferometer (n.) (Physics) An instrument for measuring small movements, distances, or displacements by means of the interference of two beams of light; -- formerly also called also refractometer, but that word now has a different meaning.
Refractometer (n.) (Opt.) A contrivance for exhibiting and measuring the refraction of light.
Refractometer (n.) Measuring instrument for measuring the refractive index of a substance.
Refractor (n.) Anything that refracts ; specifically:
Refractor (n.) A refracting telescope, in which the image to be viewed is formed by the refraction of light in passing through a convex lens.
Refractorily (adv.) In a refractory manner; perversely; obstinately.
Refractoriness (n.) 耐火性 The quality or condition of being refractory.
Refractoriness (n.) The trait of being unmanageable [syn: refractoriness, unmanageableness, recalcitrance, recalcitrancy].
Refractory (a.) 執拗的；有抵抗力的；難治的 Obstinate in disobedience; contumacious; stubborn; unmanageable; as, a refractory child; a refractory beast. -- Knight.
Raging appetites that are Most disobedient and refractory. -- Shak.
Refractory (a.) Resisting ordinary treatment; difficult of fusion, reduction, or the like; -- said especially of metals and the like, which do not readily yield to heat, or to the hammer; as, a refractory ore.
Syn: Perverse; contumacious; unruly; stubborn; obstinate; unyielding; ungovernable; unmanageable.