Webster's Unabridged Dictionary - Letter T - Page 17
Tempering (n.) (Metal.) The process of giving the requisite degree of hardness or softness to a substance, as iron and steel; especially, the process of giving to steel the degree of hardness required for various purposes, consisting usually in first plunging the article, when heated to redness, in cold water or other liquid, to give an excess of hardness, and then reheating it gradually until the hardness is reduced or drawn down to the degree required, as indicated by the color produced on a polished portion, or by the burning of oil.
Tempering color, The shade of color that indicates the degree of temper in tempering steel, as pale straw yellow for lancets, razors, and tools for metal; dark straw yellow for penknives, screw taps, etc.; brown yellow for axes, chisels, and plane irons; yellow tinged with purple for table knives and shears; purple for swords and watch springs; blue for springs and saws; and very pale blue tinged with green, too soft for steel instruments.
Tempering (a.) Moderating by making more temperate
Tempering (n.) Hardening something by heat treatment [syn: annealing, tempering].
Tempest (n.) An extensive current of wind, rushing with great velocity and violence, and commonly attended with rain, hail, or snow; a furious storm.
[We] caught in a fiery tempest, shall be hurled, Each on his rock transfixed. -- Milton.
Tempest (n.) Fig.: Any violent tumult or commotion; as, a political tempest; a tempest of war, or of the passions.
Tempest (n.) A fashionable assembly; a drum. See the Note under Drum, n., 4. [Archaic] -- Smollett.
Note: Tempest is sometimes used in the formation of self-explaining compounds; as, tempest-beaten, tempest-loving, tempest-tossed, tempest-winged, and the like.
Syn: Storm; agitation; perturbation. See Storm.
Tempest (v. t.) To disturb as by a tempest. [Obs.]
Part huge of bulk Wallowing unwieldy, enormous in their gait, Tempest the ocean. -- Milton.
Tempest (v. i.) To storm. [Obs.] -- B. Jonson.
Tempest (n.) A violent commotion or disturbance; "the storms that had characterized their relationship had died away"; "it was only a tempest in a teapot" [syn: storm, tempest].
Tempest (n.) (Literary) A violent wind; "a tempest swept over the island".
Tempestive (a.) Seasonable; timely; as, tempestive showers. [Obs.] -- Heywood. -- Tem*pes"tive*ly, adv. [Obs.]
Tempestivily (n.) The quality, or state, of being tempestive; seasonableness. [Obs.] -- Sir T. Browne.
Tempestuous (a.) Of or pertaining to a tempest; involving or resembling a tempest; turbulent; violent; stormy; as, tempestuous weather; a tempestuous night; a tempestuous debate. -- Tem*pes"tu*ous*ly, adv. -- Tem*pes"tu*ous*ness, n.
They saw the Hebrew leader, Waiting, and clutching his tempestuous beard. -- Longfellow.
Tempestuous (a.) Characterized by violent emotions or behavior; "a stormy argument"; "a stormy marriage" [syn: stormy, tempestuous].
Tempestuous (a.) (Of the elements) As if showing violent anger; "angry clouds on the horizon"; "furious winds"; "the raging sea" [syn: angry, furious, raging, tempestuous, wild].
Templar (n.) One of a religious
and military order first established at
Note: The order was first limited in numbers, and its members were bound by vows of chastity and poverty. After the conquest of Palestine by the Saracens, the Templars spread over Europe, and, by reason of their reputation for valor and piety, they were enriched by numerous donations of money and lands. The extravagances and vices of the later Templars, however, finally led to the suppression of the order by the Council of Vienne in 1312.
Templar
(n.) A
student of law, so called from having apartments in the
Templar (n.) A knight of a religious military order established in 1118 to protect pilgrims and the Holy Sepulcher [syn: Knight Templar, Templar].
Templar (n.) One belonged to a certain order or degree among the Freemasons, called Knights Templars. Also, one of an order among temperance men, styled Good Templars.
Templar (a.) Of or pertaining to a temple.
Template (n.) Same as Templet.
Temple (n.) The space, on either side of the head, back of the eye and forehead, above the zygomatic arch and in front of the ear.
Temple (n.) A place or edifice dedicated to the worship of some deity; as, the temple of Jupiter at Athens, or of Juggernaut in India.
Temple (n.) (Jewish Antiq.) The edifice erected at Jerusalem for the worship of Jehovah.
Temple (n.) Hence, among Christians, an edifice erected as a place of public worship; a church.
Temple (n.) Fig.: Any place in which the divine presence specially resides.
Temple (n.) (Mormon Ch.) A building dedicated to the administration of ordinances.
Temple (n.) A local organization of Odd Fellows.
Temple (v. t.) To build a temple for; to appropriate a temple to; as, to temple a god.
Temple (n.) (Mormon Ch.) A building dedicated to the administration of ordinances.
Temple (n.) A local organization of Odd Fellows.
Temple (n.) First used of the tabernacle, which is called "the temple of the Lord" (1 Sam. 1:9). In the New Testament the word is used figuratively of Christ's human body (John 2:19, 21). Believers are called "the temple of God" (1 Cor. 3:16, 17). The Church is designated "an holy temple in the Lord" (Eph. 2:21). Heaven is also called a temple (Rev. 7:5). We read also of the heathen "temple of the great goddess Diana" (Acts 19:27).
This word is generally used in Scripture of the sacred house erected on the summit of Mount Moriah for the worship of God. It is called "the temple" (1 Kings 6:17); "the temple [R.V., 'house'] of the Lord" (2 Kings 11:10); "thy holy temple" (Ps. 79:1); "the house of the Lord" (2 Chr. 23:5, 12); "the house of the God of Jacob" (Isa. 2:3); "the house of my glory" (60:7); an "house of prayer" (56:7; Matt. 21:13); "an house of sacrifice" (2 Chr. 7:12); "the house of their sanctuary" (2 Chr. 36:17); "the mountain of the Lord's house" (Isa. 2:2); "our holy and our beautiful house" (64:11); "the holy mount" (27:13); "the palace for the Lord God" (1 Chr. 29:1); "the tabernacle of witness" (2 Chr. 24:6); "Zion" (Ps. 74:2; 84:7). Christ calls it "my Father's house" (John 2:16).
Templed (a.) Supplied with a temple or temples, or with churches; inclosed in a temple.
Templet (n.) 樣板；承樑短板；船架的楔 A gauge, pattern, or mold, commonly a thin plate or board, used as a guide to the form of the work to be executed; as, a mason's or a wheelwright's templet.
Templet (n.) A short piece of timber, iron, or stone, placed in a wall under a girder or other beam, to distribute the weight or pressure.
Tempo (n.) The rate or degree of movement in time.
Temporal (a.) (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the temple or temples; as, the temporal bone; a temporal artery.
Temporal bone, A very complex bone situated in the side of the skull of most mammals and containing the organ of hearing. It consists of an expanded squamosal portion above the ear, corresponding to the squamosal and zygoma of the lower vertebrates, and a thickened basal petrosal and mastoid portion, corresponding to the periotic and tympanic bones of the lower vertebrates.
Temporal (n.) Of or pertaining to time, that is, to the present life, or this world; secular, as distinguished from sacred or eternal.
The things which are seen are temporal, but the things which are not seen are eternal. -- 2 Cor. iv. 18.
Is this an hour for temporal affairs? -- Shak.
Temporal (n.) Civil or political, as distinguished from ecclesiastical; as, temporal power; temporal courts.
Lords temporal. See under Lord, n.
Temporal augment. See the Note under Augment, n.
Syn: Transient; fleeting; transitory.
Temporal (n.) Anything temporal or secular; a temporality; -- used chiefly in the plural. -- Dryden.
He assigns supremacy to the pope in spirituals, and to the emperor or temporals. -- Lowell.
Temporal (a.) Not eternal; "temporal matters of but fleeting moment" -- F.D.Roosevelt.
Temporal (a.) Of or relating to or limited by time; "temporal processing"; "temporal dimensions"; "temporal and spacial boundaries"; "music is a temporal art".
Temporal (a.) Of or relating to the temples (the sides of the skull behind the orbit); "temporal bone".
Temporal (a.) Characteristic of or devoted to the temporal world as opposed to the spiritual world; "worldly goods and advancement"; "temporal possessions of the church" [syn: worldly, secular, temporal] [ant: unworldly].
Temporal (a.) Of this earth or world; "temporal joys"; "our temporal existence".
Temporal (n.) The semantic role of the noun phrase that designates the time of the state or action denoted by the verb [syn: temporal role, temporal].
Temporalities (n. pl. ) of Temporality.
Temporality (n.) The state or quality of being temporary; -- opposed to perpetuity.
Temporality (n.) The laity; temporality. [Obs.] -- Sir T. More.
Temporality (n.) That which pertains to temporal welfare; material interests; especially, the revenue of an ecclesiastic proceeding from lands, tenements, or lay fees, tithes, and the like; -- chiefly used in the plural.
Supreme head, . . . under God, of the spirituality and temporality of the same church. -- Fuller.
Temporality (n.) The worldly possessions of a church [syn: temporalty, temporality].
Temporally (adv.) In a temporal manner; secularly. [R.] -- South.
Temporally (adv.) With regard to temporal order; "temporally processed".
Temporalness (n.) Worldliness. [R.] -- Cotgrave.
Temporalty (n.) The laity; secular people. [Obs.] -- Abp. Abbot.
Temporalty (n.) A secular possession; a temporality.
Temporalty (n.) The worldly possessions of a church [syn: temporalty, temporality].
Temporalty (n.) In Christianity, members of a religious community that do not have the priestly responsibilities of ordained clergy [syn: laity, temporalty] [ant: clergy].
Temporaneous (a.) Temporarity. [Obs.] -- Hallywell.
Temporarily (adv.) 暫時地，臨時地In a temporary manner; for a time.
Temporarily (adv.) For a limited time only; not permanently; "he will work here temporarily"; "he was brought out of retirement temporarily"; "a power failure temporarily darkened the town" [ant: {for good}, {permanently}].
Temporariness (n.) The quality or state of being temporary; -- opposed to perpetuity.
Temporariness (n.) The property of lasting only a short time.
Temporary (a.) 臨時的；暫時的，一時的 [Z] Lasting for a time only; existing or continuing for a limited time; not permanent; as, the patient has obtained temporary relief.
Temporary government of the city. -- Motley.
{Temporary star}. (Astron.) See under {Star}.
Temporary (a.) Not permanent; not lasting; "politics is an impermanent factor of life"- James Thurber; "impermanent palm cottages"; "a temperary arrangement"; "temporary housing" [syn: {impermanent}, {temporary}] [ant: {lasting}, {permanent}].
Temporary (a.) Lacking continuity or regularity; "an irregular worker"; "employed on a temporary basis" [syn: {irregular}, {temporary}].
Temporary (n.) [C] 臨時工，臨時僱員；臨時事物；臨時房屋 A worker (especially in an office) hired on a temporary basis [syn: {temp}, {temporary}, {temporary worker}].
Temporary (a.) That which is to last for a limited time; as, a temporary statute, or one which is limited in its operation for a particular period of time after its enactment the opposite of perpetual.
Temporary (a.) Continuing for a limited amount of time : not permanent.
Temporary (a.) Intended to be used for a limited amount of time.
Temporary (a.) Lasting for a limited time.
Temporary (a.) (B1) 短暫的；暫時的，臨時的 Not lasting or needed for very long.
// The ceasefire will only provide a temporary solution to the crisis.
// Temporary staff.
Compare: Permanent
Permanent (a.) (B1) 長久的；永久的，永恆的 Lasting for a long time or for ever.
// She is looking for a permanent place to stay.
// Are you looking for a temporary or a permanent job?
// The disease can cause permanent damage to the brain.
// A semi-permanent hair dye will wash out after about three months.
// He entered the United States in 1988 as a permanent resident because of his marriage to a U.S. citizen.
Permanent (a.) 常在的；固定的；永久的 Something that is permanent exists or happens all the time.
// Mont Blanc has a permanent snow cap.
// Our office is in a permanent state of chaos.
Permanent (n.) [ C ] (US) (Also perm,) (Formal permanent wave) 燙髮，捲髮 A chemical process that makes your hair curly, or a hairstyle that is created in this way.
Temporist (n.) A temporizer. [Obs.]
Why, turn a temporist, row with the tide. -- Marston.
Permanent (n.) A wave or curl in the hair that lasts for months and is made durable by treating the hair with chemicals when it is curled.
Syn: permanent wave.
Permanent (a.) Continuing in the same state, or without any change that destroys form or character; remaining unaltered or unremoved; abiding; durable; fixed; stable; lasting; as, a permanent impression.
Eternity stands permanent and fixed. -- Dryden.
Permanent gases (Chem. & Physics), Hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and carbon monoxide; -- also called incondensible gases or incoercible gases, before their liquefaction in 1877. The term is now archaic.
Permanent way, The roadbed and superstructure of a finished railway; -- so called in distinction from the contractor's temporary way.
Permanent white (Chem.), Barium sulphate ({heavy spar"> Permanent white (Chem.), barium sulphate ({heavy spar), used as a white pigment or paint, in distinction from white lead, which tarnishes and darkens from the formation of the sulphide.
Syn: Lasting; durable; constant. See Lasting.
Permanent (a.) Continuing or enduring without marked change in status or condition or place; "permanent secretary to the president"; "permanent address"; "literature of permanent value" [syn: permanent, lasting] [ant: impermanent, temporary].
Permanent (a.) Not capable of being reversed or returned to the original condition; "permanent brain damage".
Permanent (n.) A series of waves in the hair made by applying heat and chemicals [syn: permanent wave, permanent, perm].
Temporization (n.) The act of temporizing. -- Johnson.
Temporized (imp. & p. p.) of Temporize.
Temporizing (p. pr. & vb. n.) of Temporize.
Temporize (v. t.) 投機 (因循，拖延，應付，妥協，迎合潮流) To comply with the time or occasion; to humor, or yield to, the current of opinion or circumstances; also, to trim, as between two parties.
They might their grievance inwardly complain, But outwardly they needs must temporize. -- Daniel.
Temporize (v. t.) To delay; to procrastinate. [R.] -- Bacon.
Temporize (v. t.) To comply; to agree. [Obs.] -- Shak.
Temporize (v.) Draw out a discussion or process in order to gain time; "The speaker temporized in order to delay the vote" [syn: {temporize}, {temporise}].
Temporize (v. i.) 拖延，妥協，順應時勢 To be indecisive or evasive in order to gain time or delay action.
Temporize (v. i.) To comply with the time or occasion; to yield to prevailing opinion or circumstances.
Temporize (v. i.) To engage in discussions or negotiations so as to gain time (usually followed by 'with').
Temporize (v. i.) To come to terms (usually followed by 'with'). temporize derives from Medieval Latin temporizare, "to pass the time," from Latin tempus, tempor-, "time." It is related to temporary.
Temporize (v.) [ I ] (Formal UK usually temporize) （為了爭取有利條件而）拖延時間 To delay making a decision or stating your opinion in order to get an advantage.
Temporizer (n.) One who temporizes; one who yields to the time, or complies with the prevailing opinions, fashions, or occasions; a trimmer.
A sort of temporizers, ready to embrace and maintain all that is, or shall be, proposed, in hope of preferment. -- Burton.
Temporizer (n.) Someone who temporizes; someone who tries to gain time or who waits for a favorable time [syn: temporizer, temporiser].
Temporizingly (adv.) In a temporizing or yielding manner.
Temporo- () A combining form used in anatomy to indicate connection with, or relation to, the temple, or temporal bone; as, temporofacial.
Temporo-auricular (a.) (Anat.) Of or pertaining to both the temple and the ear; as, the temporo-auricular nerve.
Temporofacial (a.) (Anat.) Of or pertaining to both the temple and the face.
Temporomalar (a.) (Anat.) Of or pertaining to both the temple and the region of the malar bone; as, the temporomalar nerve.
Temporomaxillary (a.) (Anat.) Of or pertaining to both the temple or the temporal bone and the maxilla.
Temps (n.) Time.
Tempse (n.) See Temse.
Tempted (imp. & p. p.) of Tempt.
Tempting (p. pr. & vb. n.) of Tempt.
Tempt (v. t.) 引誘，誘惑，勾引 [O2] [（+to/ into）]；吸引，打動；引起 [O2] [（+to/ into）] To put to trial; to prove; to test; to try.
God did tempt Abraham. -- Gen. xxii. 1.
Ye shall not tempt the Lord your God. -- Deut. vi. 16.
Tempt (v. t.) To lead, or endeavor to lead, into evil; to entice to what is wrong; to seduce.
Every man is tempted when he is drawn away of his own lust, and enticed. -- James i. 14.
Tempt (v. t.) To endeavor to persuade; to induce; to invite; to incite; to provoke; to instigate.
Tempt not the brave and needy to despair. -- Dryden.
Nor tempt the wrath of heaven's avenging Sire. -- Pope.
Tempt (v. t.) To endeavor to accomplish or reach; to attempt.
Ere leave be given to tempt the nether skies. -- Dryden.
Syn: To entice; allure; attract; decoy; seduce.
Tempt (v.) Dispose or incline or entice to; "We were tempted by the delicious-looking food" [syn: tempt, allure].
Tempt (v.) Provoke someone to do something through (often false or exaggerated) promises or persuasion; "He lured me into temptation" [syn: entice, lure, tempt].
Tempt (v.) Give rise to a desire by being attractive or inviting; "the window displays tempted the shoppers" [syn: tempt, invite].
Tempt (v.) Induce into action by using one's charm; "She charmed him into giving her all his money" [syn: charm, influence, tempt].
Tempt (v.) Try to seduce.
Tempt (v.) Try presumptuously; "St. Anthony was tempted in the desert".
Temptability (n.) 可誘惑性 The quality or state of being temptable; lability to temptation.
Temptable (a.) 可誘惑的；易被誘惑的 Capable of being tempted; liable to be tempted. -- Cudworth.
Temptable (a.) Susceptible to temptation.
Temptation (n.) 引誘，誘惑 [U] [（+to-v）]；誘惑物，引誘物 The act of tempting, or enticing to evil; seduction.
When the devil had ended all the temptation, he departed from him for a season. -- Luke iv. 13.
Temptation (n.) The state of being tempted, or enticed to evil.
Lead us not into temptation. -- Luke xi. 4.
Temptation (n.) That which tempts; an inducement; an allurement, especially to something evil.
Dare to be great, without a guilty crown; View it, and lay the bright temptation down. -- Dryden.
Temptation (n.) Something that seduces or has the quality to seduce [syn: {temptation}, {enticement}].
Temptation (n.) The desire to have or do something that you know you should avoid; "he felt the temptation and his will power weakened".
Temptation (n.) The act of influencing by exciting hope or desire; "his enticements were shameless" [syn: {enticement}, {temptation}].
Temptation, () Trial; a being put to the test. Thus God "tempted [Gen. 22: 1; R.V., 'did prove'] Abraham;" and afflictions are said to tempt, i.e., to try, men (James 1:2, 12; comp. Deut. 8:2), putting their faith and patience to the test. (2.) Ordinarily, however, the word means solicitation to that which is evil, and hence Satan is called "the tempter" (Matt. 4:3). Our Lord was in this way tempted in the wilderness. That temptation was not internal, but by a real, active, subtle being. It was not self-sought. It was submitted to as an act of obedience on his part. "Christ was led, driven. An unseen personal force bore him a certain violence is implied in the words" (Matt. 4:1-11).
The scene of the temptation of our Lord is generally supposed to have been the mountain of Quarantania (q.v.), "a high and precipitous wall of rock, 1,200 or 1,500 feet above the plain west of Jordan, near Jericho."
Temptation is common to all (Dan. 12:10; Zech. 13:9; Ps. 66:10; Luke 22:31, 40; Heb. 11:17; James 1:12; 1 Pet. 1:7; 4:12). We read of the temptation of Joseph (Gen. 39), of David (2 Sam. 24; 1 Chr. 21), of Hezekiah (2 Chr. 32:31), of Daniel (Dan. 6), etc. So long as we are in this world we are exposed to temptations, and need ever to be on our watch against them.
Temptationless (a.) Having no temptation or motive; as, a temptationless sin. [R.] -- Hammond.
Temptatious (a.) Tempting. [Prov. Eng.]
Tempter (n.) 引誘者，誘惑者[C]；（大寫）【宗】魔鬼，撒旦 [the S ] One who tempts or entices; especially, Satan, or the Devil, regarded as the great enticer to evil. "Those who are bent to do wickedly will never want tempters to urge them on." -- Tillotson.
So glozed the Tempter, and his proem tuned. -- Milton.
Tempter (n.) A person who tempts others; "Satan is the great tempter of mankind".
Tempting (a.) 誘惑人的；吸引人的；tempt 的動詞現在分詞、動名詞 Adapted to entice or allure; attractive; alluring; seductive; enticing; as, tempting pleasures. -- Tempt"ing*ly, adv. -- Tempt"ing*ness, n.
Tempting (a.) Highly attractive and able to arouse hope or desire; "an alluring prospect"; "her alluring smile"; "the voice was low and beguiling"; "difficult to say no to an enticing advertisement"; "a tempting invitation" [syn: alluring, beguiling, enticing, tempting].
Tempting (a.) Very pleasantly inviting; "a tantalizing aroma"; "a tempting repast" [syn: tantalizing, tantalising, tempting].
Temptress (n.) 誘惑男人的女性，妖婦 [C] A woman who entices.
She was my temptress, the foul provoker. -- Sir W. Scott.
Temptress (n.) A woman who is considered to be dangerously seductive [syn: enchantress, temptress, siren, Delilah, femme fatale].
Temse (n.) A sieve. [Written also tems, and tempse.] [Prov. Eng.] -- Halliwell.
Temse bread, Temsed bread, Temse loaf, bread made of flour better sifted than common fluor. [Prov. Eng.] Temulence
Temulence (n.) Alt. of Temulency.
Temulency (n.) Intoxication; inebriation; drunkenness. [R.] "Their temulency." -- Jer. Taylor.
Temulent (a.) Intoxicated; drunken.
Temulentive (a.) Somewhat temulent; addicted to drink.
Ten (a.) One more than nine; twice five.
Ten (n.) The number greater by one than nine; the sum of five and five; ten units of objects.
Ten (n.) A symbol representing ten units, as 10, x, or X.
Tenability (n.) The quality or state of being tenable; tenableness.
Tenable (a.) Capable of being held, naintained, or defended, as against an assailant or objector, or againts attempts to take or process; as, a tenable fortress, a tenable argument.
Tenableness (n.) Same as Tenability.
Tenace (n.) The holding by the fourth hand of the best and third best cards of a suit led; also, sometimes, the combination of best with third best card of a suit in any hand.
Tenacious (a.) 緊粘不放的，固執的，緊握的，不屈不撓的 Holding fast, or inclined to hold fast; inclined to retain what is in possession; as, men tenacious of their just rights.
Tenacious (a.) Apt to retain; retentive; as, a tenacious memory.
Tenacious (a.) Having parts apt to adhere to each other; cohesive; tough; as, steel is a tenacious metal; tar is more tenacious than oil.
Tenacious (a.) Apt to adhere to another substance; glutinous; viscous; sticking; adhesive.
Tenacious (a.) Niggardly; closefisted; miserly.
Tenacious (a.) Holding stoutly to one's opinion or purpose; obstinate; stubborn.
Tenacious (a.) Good at remembering; "a retentive mind"; "tenacious memory" [syn: {retentive}, {recollective}, {long}, {tenacious}] [ant: {forgetful}, {short}, {unretentive}].
Tenacious (a.) Stubbornly unyielding; "dogged persistence"; "dour determination"; "the most vocal and pertinacious of all the critics"; "a mind not gifted to discover truth but tenacious to hold it"- T.S.Eliot; "men tenacious of opinion" [syn: {dogged}, {dour}, {persistent}, {pertinacious}, {tenacious}, {unyielding}].
Tenacious (a.) Sticking together; "two coherent sheets"; "tenacious burrs" [syn: {coherent}, {tenacious}].
Tenacity (n.) The quality or state of being tenacious; as, tenacity, or retentiveness, of memory; tenacity, or persistency, of purpose.
Tenacity (n.) That quality of bodies which keeps them from parting without considerable force; cohesiveness; the effect of attraction; -- as distinguished from brittleness, fragility, mobility, etc.
Tenacity (n.) That quality of bodies which makes them adhere to other bodies; adhesiveness; viscosity.
Tenacity (n.) The greatest longitudinal stress a substance can bear without tearing asunder, -- usually expressed with reference to a unit area of the cross section of the substance, as the number of pounds per square inch, or kilograms per square centimeter, necessary to produce rupture.
Tenacula (n. pl. ) of Tenaculum.
Tenaculums (n. pl. ) of Tenaculum.
Tenaculum (n.) An instrument consisting of a fine, sharp hook attached to a handle, and used mainly for taking up arteries, and the like.
Tenacy (n.) Tenaciousness; obstinacy.