Webster's Unabridged Dictionary - Letter S - Page 215
Synthetical (a.) 合成的；人造的；綜合性的 Of or pertaining to synthesis; consisting in synthesis or composition; as, the synthetic method of reasoning, as opposed to analytical.
Philosophers hasten too much from the analytic to the synthetic method; that is, they draw general conclusions from too small a number of particular observations and experiments. -- Bolingbroke.
Synthetical (a.) (Chem.) Artificial. Cf. Synthesis, 2.
Synthetical (a.) (Zool.) Comprising within itself structural or other characters which are usually found only in two or more diverse groups; -- said of species, genera, and higher groups. See the Note under Comprehensive, 3.
Synthetic language, or Synthetical language, 合成語言；與分析型語言相對立的一類語言，如拉丁語、阿拉伯語和芬蘭語。又稱綜合語。合成語言的句法關係，係通過詞語本身的形態變化，如附加、內部曲折、異根等手段來表示。 An inflectional language, or one characterized by grammatical endings; -- opposed to analytic language. -- R. Morris.
Compare: Inflectional
Inflectional (a.) [Grammar] 彎曲的；【語】有屈折變化的 Relating to or involving a change in the form of a word to express a grammatical function or attribute.
‘Inflectional endings.’
Synthetical (a.) Involving or of the nature of synthesis (combining separate elements to form a coherent whole) as opposed to analysis; "limnology is essentially a synthetic science composed of elements...that extend well beyond the limits of biology" -- P.S.Welch [syn: synthetic, synthetical] [ant: analytic, analytical].
Synthetical (a.) Of a proposition whose truth value is determined by observation or facts; "`all men are arrogant' is a synthetic proposition" [syn: synthetic, synthetical] [ant: analytic, analytical].
Synthetically (adv.) 綜合地；以合成方法 In a synthetic manner.
Synthetically (adv.) By synthesis; in a synthetic manner; "some of these drugs have been derived from opium and others have been produced synthetically".
Synthetize (v. t.) 綜合；合成；【化】（使）合成 To combine; to unite in regular structure. [R.]
Compare: Synthesize
Synthesize (v. t.) 綜合；合成；【化】（使）合成 To combine by synthesis; to unite.
Synthesize (v. t.) To produce by synthesis; as, to synthesize albumin. Synthetic
Synthesize (v.) Combine so as to form a more complex, product; "his operas synthesize music and drama in perfect harmony"; "The liver synthesizes vitamins" [syn: synthesize, synthesise] [ant: analyse, analyze, break down, dissect, take apart].
Synthesize (v.) Combine and form a synthesis; "Vitamin D only synthesizes when sunlight is available".
Syntomy (n.) Brevity; conciseness. [R.]
Syntonin (n.) (Physiol. Chem.) A proteid substance (acid albumin) formed from the albuminous matter of muscle by the action of dilute acids; -- formerly called musculin. See Acid albumin, under Albumin.
Syphering (n.) (Carp.) The lapping of chamfered edges of planks to make a smooth surface, as for a bulkhead.
Syphilide (n.) (Med.) A cutaneous eruption due to syphilis.
Syphilis (n.) (Med.) 【醫】梅毒 The pox, or venereal disease; a chronic, specific, infectious disease, usually communicated by sexual intercourse or by hereditary transmission, and occurring in three stages known as primary, secondary, and tertiary syphilis. See under Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary.
Syphilis (n.) A common venereal disease caused by the treponema pallidum spirochete; symptoms change through progressive stages; can be congenital (transmitted through the placenta) [syn: syphilis, syph, pox, lues venerea, lues].
Syphilis (n.) A chronic bacterial disease that is contracted chiefly by infection during sexual intercourse, but also congenitally by infection of a developing fetus.
This is caused by the spirochete Treponema pallidum. The infection progresses in four successive stages: primary syphilis, characterized by a chancre in the part infected; secondary syphilis, affecting chiefly the skin, lymph nodes, and mucous membranes; tertiary syphilis, involving the spread of tumorlike lesions (gummas) throughout the body, frequently damaging the cardiovascular and central nervous systems; quaternary syphilis neurosyphilis
‘Screening tests for herpes simplex virus and syphilis were negative.’
Syphilitic (a.) (Med.) 感染梅毒的 Of or pertaining to syphilis; of the nature of syphilis; affected with syphilis. -- n. A syphilitic patient.
Syphilitic (n.) 梅毒病人 A syphilitic patient.
Syphilitic (a.) Of or relating to or infected with syphilis; "syphilitic symptoms".
Syphilitic (n.) A person suffering from syphilis.
Syphilitically (adv.) (Med.) In a syphilitic manner; with venereal disease.
Syphilization (n.) (Med.) Inoculation with the syphilitic virus, especially when employed as a preventive measure, like vaccination.
Syphilize (v. t.) (Med.) To inoculate with syphilis.
Syphiloderm (n.) (Med.) A cutaneous affection due to syphilis.
Syphilodermatous (a.) (Med.) Of or pertaining to the cutaneous manifestations of syphilis.
Syphiloid (a.) (Med.) 【醫】像梅毒的；梅毒狀的 Resembling syphilis.
Syphilologist (n.) One skilled in syphilology.
Syphilology (n.) That branch of medicine which treats of syphilis.
Syphon (n.) 吸水管；虹吸管 A tube running from the liquid in a vessel to a lower level outside the vessel so that atmospheric pressure forces the liquid through the tube [syn: siphon, syphon].
Syphon (n.) A tubular organ in an aquatic animal (especially in mollusks) through which water can be taken in or expelled [syn: siphon, syphon].
Syphon (v.) (v. t.) 用虹吸管吸上來 (v. i.) 透過虹吸管吸 Convey, draw off, or empty by or as if by a siphon [syn: siphon, syphon, siphon off].
Syracuse (n.) A red wine of Italy.
Syracuse (n.) A city in central New York.
Syracuse (n.) A city in southeastern Sicily that was founded by Corinthians in the 8th century BC [syn: Syracuse, Siracusa].
Syracuse (n.) The Roman siege of Syracuse (214-212 BC) was eventually won by the Romans who sacked the city (killing Archimedes) [syn: Syracuse, siege of Syracuse]
Syracuse (n.)The Athenian siege of Syracuse (415-413 BC) was eventually won by Syracuse [syn: Syracuse, siege of Syracuse].
Syracuse, () A city on the south-east coast of Sicily, where Paul landed and remained three days when on his way to Rome (Acts 28:12).
It was distinguished for its magnitude and splendour. It is now a small town of some 13,000 inhabitants.
Syracuse, That draws violently.
Syracuse, MO -- U.S. city in Missouri
Population (2000): 172
Housing Units (2000): 82
Land area (2000): 0.380630 sq. miles (0.985828 sq. km)
Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km)
Total area (2000): 0.380630 sq. miles (0.985828 sq. km)
FIPS code: 72106
Located within: Missouri (MO), FIPS 29
Location: 38.669904 N, 92.874911 W
ZIP Codes (1990): 65354
Note: some ZIP codes may be omitted esp. for suburbs.
Headwords:
Syracuse, MO
Syracuse
Syracuse, NE -- U.S. city in Nebraska
Population (2000): 1762
Housing Units (2000): 798
Land area (2000): 0.937902 sq. miles (2.429154 sq. km)
Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km)
Total area (2000): 0.937902 sq. miles (2.429154 sq. km)
FIPS code: 48235
Located within: Nebraska (NE), FIPS 31
Location: 40.658626 N, 96.183207 W
ZIP Codes (1990): 68446
Note: some ZIP codes may be omitted esp. for suburbs.
Headwords:
Syracuse, NE
Syracuse
Syracuse, NY -- U.S. city in New York
Population (2000): 147306
Housing Units (2000): 68192
Land area (2000): 25.090575 sq. miles (64.984287 sq. km)
Water area (2000): 0.550830 sq. miles (1.426644 sq. km)
Total area (2000): 25.641405 sq. miles (66.410931 sq. km)
FIPS code: 73000
Located within: New York (NY), FIPS 36
Location: 43.046899 N, 76.144423 W
ZIP Codes (1990): 13202 13203 13204 13205 13206 13207
13208 13210 13219 13224
Note: some ZIP codes may be omitted esp. for suburbs.
Headwords:
Syracuse, NY
Syracuse
Syracuse, OH -- U.S. village in Ohio
Population (2000): 879
Housing Units (2000): 423
Land area (2000): 0.922537 sq. miles (2.389359 sq. km)
Water area (2000): 0.032886 sq. miles (0.085175 sq. km)
Total area (2000): 0.955423 sq. miles (2.474534 sq. km)
FIPS code: 76050
Located within: Ohio (OH), FIPS 39
Location: 38.999757 N, 81.972829 W
ZIP Codes (1990):
Note: some ZIP codes may be omitted esp. for suburbs.
Headwords:
Syracuse, OH
Syracuse
Syracuse, IN -- U.S. town in Indiana
Population (2000): 3038
Housing Units (2000): 1380
Land area (2000): 1.608684 sq. miles (4.166472 sq. km)
Water area (2000): 0.308865 sq. miles (0.799956 sq. km)
Total area (2000): 1.917549 sq. miles (4.966428 sq. km)
FIPS code: 74744
Located within: Indiana (IN), FIPS 18
Location: 41.423389 N, 85.749887 W
ZIP Codes (1990): 46567
Note: some ZIP codes may be omitted esp. for suburbs.
Headwords:
Syracuse, IN
Syracuse
Syracuse, KS -- U.S. city in Kansas
Population (2000): 1824
Housing Units (2000): 830
Land area (2000): 1.327529 sq. miles (3.438284 sq. km)
Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km)
Total area (2000): 1.327529 sq. miles (3.438284 sq. km)
FIPS code: 69850
Located within: Kansas (KS), FIPS 20
Location: 37.982938 N, 101.751224 W
ZIP Codes (1990): 67878
Note: some ZIP codes may be omitted esp. for suburbs.
Headwords:
Syracuse, KS
Syracuse
Syracuse, UT -- U.S. city in Utah
Population (2000): 9398
Housing Units (2000): 2601
Land area (2000): 8.710370 sq. miles (22.559755 sq. km)
Water area (2000): 0.000000 sq. miles (0.000000 sq. km)
Total area (2000): 8.710370 sq. miles (22.559755 sq. km)
FIPS code: 74810
Located within: Utah (UT), FIPS 49
Location: 41.084167 N, 112.063426 W
ZIP Codes (1990): 84075
Note: some ZIP codes may be omitted esp. for suburbs.
Headwords:
Syracuse, UT
Syracuse
Siren (n.) (Class. Myth.) One of three sea nymphs, -- or, according to some writers, of two, -- said to frequent an island near the coast of Italy, and to sing with such sweetness that they lured mariners to destruction. Next where the sirens dwell you plow the seas; Their song is death, and makes destruction please. -- Pope.
Siren (n.) An enticing, dangerous woman. -- Shak.
Siren (n.) Something which is insidious or deceptive. Consumption is a siren. -- W. Irving.
Siren (n.) A mermaid. [Obs.] -- Shak.
Siren (n.) (Zool.) Any long, slender amphibian of the genus Siren or family Sirenidae, destitute of hind legs and pelvis, and having permanent external gills as well as lungs. They inhabit the swamps, lagoons, and ditches of the Southern United States. The more common species ({Siren lacertina) is dull lead-gray in color, and becames two feet long.
Siren (n.) (Acoustics) An instrument for producing musical tones and for ascertaining the number of sound waves or vibrations per second which produce a note of a given pitch. The sounds are produced by a perforated rotating disk or disks. A form with two disks operated by steam or highly compressed air is used sounding an alarm to vessels in fog. [Written also sirene, and syren.]
Syren (n.) See Siren. [R.]
Syria (n.) An Asian republic in the Middle East at the east end of the Mediterranean; site of some of the world's most ancient centers of civilization [syn: Syria, Syrian Arab Republic].
Syria (Heb. Aram), The name in the Old Testament given to the whole country which lay to the north-east of Phoenicia, extending to beyond the Euphrates and the Tigris. Mesopotamia is called (Gen. 24:10; Deut. 23:4) Aram-naharain (= Syria of the two rivers), also Padan-aram (Gen. 25:20). Other portions of Syria were also known by separate names, as Aram-maahah (1 Chr. 19:6), Aram-beth-rehob (2 Sam. 10:6), Aram-zobah (2 Sam. 10:6, 8). All these separate little kingdoms afterwards became subject to Damascus. In the time of the Romans, Syria included also a part of Palestine and Asia Minor.
"From the historic annals now accessible to us, the history of Syria may be divided into three periods: The first, the period when the power of the Pharaohs was dominant over the fertile fields or plains of Syria and the merchant cities of Tyre and Sidon, and when such mighty conquerors as Thothmes III. And Rameses II. could claim dominion and levy tribute from the nations from the banks of the Euphrates to the borders of the Libyan desert. Second, this was followed by a short period of independence, when the Jewish nation in the south was growing in power, until it reached its early zenith in the golden days of Solomon; and when Tyre and Sidon were rich cities, sending their traders far and wide, over land and sea, as missionaries of civilization, while in the north the confederate tribes of the Hittites held back the armies of the kings of Assyria. The third, and to us most interesting, period is that during which the kings of Assyria were dominant over the plains of Syria; when Tyre, Sidon, Ashdod, and Jerusalem bowed beneath the conquering armies of Shalmaneser, Sargon, and Sennacherib; and when at last Memphis and Thebes yielded to the power of the rulers of Nineveh and Babylon, and the kings of Assyria completed with terrible fulness the bruising of the reed of Egypt so clearly foretold by the Hebrew prophets.", Boscawen.
Syria
Introduction Syria
------------------
Background: Following the breakup of the Ottoman Empire during World War I, Syria was administered by the French until independence in 1946. In the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Syria lost the Golan Heights to Israel. Since 1976, Syrian troops have been stationed in Lebanon, ostensibly in a peacekeeping capacity. In recent years, Syria and Israel have held occasional peace talks over the return of the Golan Heights.
Geography Syria
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Location: Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Lebanon and Turkey Geographic coordinates: 35 00 N, 38 00 E Map references: Middle East Area: total: 185,180 sq km note: includes 1,295 sq km of Israeli-occupied territory water: 1,130 sq km land: 184,050 sq km Area - comparative: slightly larger than North Dakota Land boundaries: total: 2,253 km border countries: Iraq 605 km, Israel 76 km, Jordan 375 km, Lebanon 375 km, Turkey 822 km Coastline: 193 km Maritime claims: contiguous zone: 41 NM territorial sea: 35 NM Climate: mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus Terrain: primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain; mountains in west Elevation extremes: lowest point: unnamed location near Lake Tiberias -200 m highest point: Mount Hermon 2,814 m Natural resources: petroleum, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum, hydropower Land use: arable land: 25.96% permanent crops: 4.08% other: 69.96% (1998 est.) Irrigated land: 12,130 sq km (1998 est.) Natural hazards: dust storms, sandstorms Environment - current issues: deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; water pollution from raw sewage and petroleum refining wastes; inadequate potable water Environment - international party to: Biodiversity, Climate agreements: Change, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands signed, but not ratified: Environmental Modification Geography - note: there are 42 Israeli settlements and civilian land use sites in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights (August 2001 est.)
People Syria
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Population: 17,155,814 (July 2002 est.) note: in addition, about 40,000 people live in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights - 20,000 Arabs (18,000 Druze and 2,000 Alawites) and about 20,000 Israeli settlers (August 2001 est.)
Age structure: 0-14 years: 39.3% (male 3,467,267; female 3,264,639) 15-64 years: 57.5% (male 5,052,841; female 4,817,662) 65 years and over: 3.2% (male 267,803; female 285,602) (2002 est.) Population growth rate: 2.5% (2002 est.) Birth rate: 30.11 births/1,000 population (2002 est.) Death rate: 5.12 deaths/1,000 population (2002 est.)
Net migration rate: 0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2002 est.) Sex ratio: at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.06 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 1.05 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.94 male(s)/ female total population: 1.05 male(s)/ female (2002 est.) Infant mortality rate: 32.73 deaths/1,000 live births (2002 est.) Life expectancy at birth: total population: 69.08 years female: 70.32 years (2002 est.) male: 67.9 years Total fertility rate: 3.84 children born/woman (2002 est.) HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate: 0.01% (1999 est.) HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/ NA AIDS: HIV/AIDS - deaths: NA Nationality: noun: Syrian(s) adjective: Syrian Ethnic groups: Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7% Religions: Sunni Muslim 74%, Alawite, Druze, and other Muslim sects 16%, Christian (various sects) 10%, Jewish (tiny communities in Damascus, Al Qamishli, and Aleppo) Languages: Arabic (official); Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian widely understood; French, English somewhat understood Literacy: definition: age 15 and over can read and write total population: 70.8% male: 85.7% female: 55.8% (1997 est.)
Government Syria
----------------
Country name: conventional long form: Syrian Arab Republic conventional short form: Syria local short form: Suriyah former: United Arab Republic (with Egypt) local long form: Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah Government type: republic under military regime since March 1963 Capital: Damascus Administrative divisions: 14 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Hasakah, Al Ladhiqiyah, Al Qunaytirah, Ar Raqqah, As Suwayda', Dar'a, Dayr az Zawr, Dimashq, Halab, Hamah, Hims, Idlib, Rif Dimashq, Tartus Independence: 17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under French administration) National holiday: Independence Day, 17 April (1946) Constitution: 13 March 1973 Legal system: based on Islamic law and civil law system; special religious courts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction Suffrage: 18 years of age; universal Executive branch: chief of state: President Bashar al- ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice Presidents Abd al-Halim ibn Said KHADDAM (since 11 March 1984) and Muhammad Zuhayr MASHARIQA (since 11 March 1984) head of government: Prime Minister Muhammad Mustafa MIRU (since 13 March 2000), Deputy Prime Ministers Lt. Gen. Mustafa TALAS (since 11 March 1984), Farouk al-SHARA (since 13 December 2001), Dr. Muhammad al- HUSAYN (since 13 December 2001) cabinet: Council of Ministers appointed by the president elections: president elected by popular vote for a seven-year term; referendum/election last held 10 July 2000 - after the death of President Hafez al-ASAD, father of Bashar al-ASAD - (next to be held NA 2007); vice presidents appointed by the president; prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president note: Hafiz al-ASAD died on 10 June 2000; on 20 June 2000, the Ba'th Party nominated Bashar al-ASAD for president and presented his name to the People's Council on 25 June 2000 election results: Bashar al-ASAD elected president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.29% Legislative branch: unicameral People's Council or Majlis al-shaab (250 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) election results: percent of vote by party - NPF 67%, independents 33%; seats by party - NPF 167, independents 83; note – the constitution guarantees that the Ba'th Party (part of the NPF alliance) receives one-half of the seats elections: last held 30 November- 1 December 1998 (next to be held NA 2002) Judicial branch: Supreme Constitutional Court (justices are appointed for four- year terms by the president); High Judicial Council; Court of Cassation; State Security Courts Political parties and leaders: National Progressive Front or NPF (includes the Ba'th Party, ASU, Arab Socialist Party, Socialist Unionist Democratic Party, ASP, SCP) [President Bashar al-ASAD, chairman]; Arab Socialist Renaissance (Ba'th) Party (governing party) [President Bashar al-ASAD, secretary general]; Syrian Arab Socialist Party or ASP [Safwan KOUDSI]; Syrian Communist Party or SCP [Yusuf FAYSAL]; Syrian Social National Party [Jubran URAYJI] Political pressure groups and conservative religious leaders; leaders: Muslim Brotherhood (operates in exile in Jordan and Yemen); non- Ba'th parties have little effective political Influence International organization AFESD, AL, AMF, CAEU, CCC, ESCWA participation: FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, ISO, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN, UN Security Council (temporary), UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WToO Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Rustum al-ZU'BI chancery: 2215 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 FAX: [1] (202) 234-9548 telephone: [1] (202) 232-6313 Diplomatic representation from the chief of mission: Ambassador US: Theodore H. KATTOUF embassy: Abou Roumaneh, Al-Mansur Street, No. 2, Damascus mailing address: P. O. Box 29, Damascus telephone: [963] (11) 333-1342 FAX: [963] (11) 331-9678 Flag description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black, with two small green five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; similar to the flag Yemen, which has a plain white ban and of Iraq, which has three stars (plus an Arabic inscription in a horizontal line centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Egypt, which has a heraldic eagle centered in the white band.
Economy Syria
-------------
Economy - overview: Syria's predominantly statist economy has been growing slower than its 2.5% annual population growth rate, causing a persistent decline in per capita GDP. President Bashar AL-ASAD has made little progress on the economic front after one year in office, but does appear willing to permit a gradual strengthening of the private sector. His most obvio accomplishment to this end was the recent passage of legislation allowing private banks to operate in Syria, although a private banking sector will take years and further government cooperation to develop. ASAD's recent cabinet reshuffle may improve his chances of implementing further growth-oriented policies, although external factors such as the international war on terrorism, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, and downturn in oil prices could weaken the foreign investment and government revenues Syria needs to flourish. A long-run economic constraint is the pressure on water supplies caused by rapid population growth, industrial expansion, and increased water pollution. GDP: purchasing power parity - $54.2 billion (2001 est.) GDP - real growth rate: 2% (2001 est.) GDP - per capita: purchasing power parity - $3,200 (2001 est.) GDP - composition by sector: agriculture: 27% industry: 23% services: 50% (2000 est.) Population below poverty line: 15%-25% Household income or consumption by lowest 10%: NA% percentage share: highest 1 Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0.3% (2001 est.) Labor force: 4.7 million (1998 est.) Labor force - by occupation: agriculture 40%, industry 20%, services 40% (1996 est.) Unemployment rate: 20% (2000 est.) Budget: revenues: $5 billion expenditures: $7 billion, including capital expenditures of $NA (2001 est.) Industries: petroleum, textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco, phosphate rock mining Industrial production growth rate: NA% Electricity - production: 19.7 billion kWh (2000) Electricity - production by source: fossil fuel: 64.47% hydro: 35.53% other: 0% (2000) nuclear: 0% Electricity - consumption: 17.671 billion kWh (2000) Electricity - exports: 650 million kWh (2000) Electricity - imports: 0 kWh (2000) Agriculture - products: wheat, barley, cotton, lentils, chickpeas, olives, sugar beets; beef, mutton, eggs, poultry, milk Exports: $5 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.) Exports - commodities: crude oil 68%, textiles 7%, fruits and vegetables 6%, raw cotton 4% (1998 est.) Exports - partners: Germany 27%, Italy 12%, France 10%, Turkey 10%, Saudi Arabia 7% (2000 est.) Imports: $4 billion (f.o.b., 2001 est.) Imports - commodities: machinery and transport equipment 21%, food and livestock 18%, metal and metal products 15%, chemicals and chemical products 10% (2000 est.) Imports - partners: Italy 9%, Germany 7%, France 5%, Lebanon 5%, China 4%, South Korea 4%, Turkey 4%, US 4% (2000 est.) Debt - external: $22 billion (2001 est.) Economic aid - recipient: $199 million (1997 est.) Currency: Syrian pound (SYP) Currency code: SYP Exchange rates: Syrian pounds per US dollar – 51 (December 2001), 46 (2000), 46 (1998), 41.9 (January 1997) Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications Syria
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Telephones - main lines in use: 1.313 million (1997) Telephones - mobile cellular: NA Telephone system: general assessment: fair system currently undergoing significant improvement and digital upgrades, including fiber-optic technology domestic: coaxial cable and microwave radio relay network international: satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region); 1 submarine cable; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey; participant in Medarabtel Radio broadcast stations: AM 14, FM 2, shortwave 1 (1998) Radios: 4.15 million (1997) Television broadcast stations: 44 (plus 17 repeaters) (1995) Televisions: 1.05 million (1997) Internet country code: .sy Internet Service Providers (ISPs): 1 (2000) Internet users: 32,000 (2001)
Transportation Syria
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Railways: total: 2,750 km standard gauge: 2,423 km 1.435- m gauge note: rail link between Syria and Iraq replaced in 2000 (2001) narrow gauge: 327 km 1.050-m gauge Highways: total: 41,451 km paved: 9,575 km (including 877 km of expressways) unpaved: 31,876 km (1997) Waterways: 870 km (minimal economic importance) Pipelines: crude oil 1,304 km; petroleum products 515 km Ports and harbors: Baniyas, Jablah, Latakia, Tartus Merchant marine: total: 143 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 482,985 GRT/702,590 DWT note: includes some foreign-owned ships registered here as a flag of convenience: Egypt 1, Greece 2, Italy 1, Lebanon 10 (2002 est.) ships by type: bulk 12, cargo 126, livestock carrier 4, roll on/ roll off 1 Airports: 99 (2001) Airports - with paved runways: total: 24 over 3,047 m: 5 2,438 to 3,047 m: 16 under 914 m: 1 (2001) 914 to 1,523 m: 2 Airports - with unpaved runways: total: 75 1,524 to 2,437 m: 2 914 to 1,523 m: 11 under 914 m: 62 (2001) Heliports: 2 (2001)
Military Syria
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Military branches: Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Navy, Syrian Arab Air Force (includes Air Defense Forces), Police and Security Force Military manpower - military age: 19 years of age (2002 est.) Military manpower - availability: males age 15-49: 4,550,496 (2002 est.) Military manpower - fit for military males age 15-49: 2,539,342 (2002 service: est.) Military manpower - reaching males: 200,859 (2002 est.) military age annually: Military expenditures - dollar $921 million (FY00 est.); note - figure: based on official budget data that may understate actual spending Military expenditures - percent of 5.9% (FY98) GDP:
Transnational Issues Syria
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Disputes - international: Golan Heights is Israeli-occupied; dispute with upstream riparian Turkey over Turkish water development plans for the Tigris and Euphrates rivers; Syrian troops in northern, central, and eastern Lebanon since October 1976; Turkey is quick to rebuff any perceived Syrian claim to Hatay province Illicit drugs: a transit point for opiates and hashish bound for regional and Western markets
Syria (n.) 敘利亞 A country in Western Asia.
Syria (n.) 敘利亞，阿拉伯敘利亞共和國，通稱敘利亞，位於亞洲西部，地中海東岸，屬於中東阿拉伯國家，首都大馬士革 Syria officially known as the Syrian Arab Republic, is a country in Western Asia, bordering Lebanon and the Mediterranean Sea to the west, Turkey to the north, Iraq to the east, Jordan to the south, and Israel to the southwest. The western two-thirds of Syria′s Golan Heights are since 1967 occupied by Israel and were in 1981 effectively annexed by Israel, [8] [9] whereas the eastern third is controlled by Syria, with the UNDOF maintaining a buffer zone in between, to implement the ceasefire of the Purple Line. Syria's capital and largest city is Damascus.
A country of fertile plains, high mountains, and deserts, Syria is home to diverse ethnic and religious groups, including Syrian Arabs, Greeks, Armenians, Assyrians, Kurds, Circassians, [10] Mandeans [11] and Turks. Religious groups include Sunnis, Christians, Alawites, Druze, Mandeans, Shiites, Salafis, Yazidis, and Jews. Sunni Arabs make up the largest religious group in Syria.
In English, the name "Syria" was formerly synonymous with the Levant (known in Arabic as al-Sham), while the modern state encompasses the sites of several ancient kingdoms and empires, including the Eblan civilization of the 3rd millennium BC. Its capital Damascus and largest city Aleppo are among the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world. [12] In the Islamic era, Damascus was the seat of the Umayyad Caliphate and a provincial capital of the Mamluk Sultanate in Egypt.
The modern Syrian state was established after the end of centuries of Ottoman control in World War I as a French mandate, and represented the largest Arab state to emerge from the formerly Ottoman-ruled Arab Levant. It gained independence as a parliamentary republic on 24 October 1945 when Syria became a founding member of the United Nations, an act which legally ended the former French Mandate – although French troops did not leave the country until April 1946. The post-independence period was tumultuous, and a large number of military coups and coup attempts shook the country in the period 1949 -- 71. In 1958, Syria entered a brief union with Egypt called the United Arab Republic, which was terminated by the 1961 Syrian coup d'état. The Arab Republic of Syria came into being in late 1961 after December 1 constitutional referendum, and was increasingly unstable until the Ba'athist coup d'état, since which the Ba'ath Party has maintained its power. Syria was under Emergency Law from 1963 to 2011, effectively suspending most constitutional protections for citizens. Bashar al-Assad has been president since 2000 and was preceded by his father Hafez al-Assad, who was in office from 1970 to 2000. [13]
Syria is an unitary republic consisting of 14 governorates and is the only country that politically espouses Ba'athism. It is a member of one international organization other than the United Nations, the Non-Aligned Movement; it has become suspended from the Arab League on November 2011 [14] and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation, [15] and self-suspended from the Union for the Mediterranean. [16] Since March 2011, Syria has been embroiled in an armed conflict, with a number of countries in the region and beyond being involved militarily or otherwise. As a result, a number of self-proclaimed political entities have since emerged on Syria′s territory, including the Syrian Interim Government, Rojava, and Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant. Syria is ranked last on the Global Peace Index, making it the most violent country in the world. The war caused 470,000 victims (February 2016 SCPR estimate) [17], 7,6 millions internally displaced (July 2015 UNHCR estimate) and over 5 millions refugees (July 2017 registered by UNHCR) [18], making population assessment difficult in recent years.
Syriac (a.) 敘利亞的；敘利亞語的 Of or pertaining to Syria, or its language; as, the Syriac version of the Pentateuch.
Syriac (n.) 古代敘利亞語 The language of Syria; especially, the ancient language of that country.
Syriac (2 Kings 18:26; Ezra 4:7; Dan. 2:4), More correctly rendered "Aramaic," including both the Syriac and the Chaldee languages.
In the New Testament there are several Syriac words, such as "Eloi, Eloi, lama sabachthani?" (Mark 15:34; Matt. 27:46 gives the Heb. form, "Eli, Eli"), "Raca" (Matt. 5:22), "Ephphatha" (Mark 7:34), "Maran-atha" (1 Cor. 16:22).
A Syriac version of the Old Testament, containing all the canonical books, along with some apocryphal books (called the Peshitto, i.e., simple translation, and not a paraphrase), was made early in the second century, and is therefore the first Christian translation of the Old Testament. It was made directly from the original, and not from the LXX. Version. The New Testament was also translated from Greek into Syriac about the same time. It is noticeable that this version does not contain the Second and Third Epistles of John, 2 Peter, Jude, and the Apocalypse. These were, however, translated subsequently and placed in the version. (See VERSION.)
Syriacism (n.) A Syrian idiom; a Syrianism.
Syrian (a.) 敘利亞的；敘利亞人的；敘利亞語的 Of or pertaining to Syria; Syriac.
Syrian (n.) 敘利亞人（語） A native of Syria.
Syrian (a.) Of or relating to or characteristic of Syria or its people or culture; "the Syrian government".
Syrian (n.) A native or inhabitant of Syria.
Syrianism (n.) A Syrian idiom, or a peculiarity of the Syrian language; a Syriacism. -- Paley.
Syriasm (n.) A Syrian idiom; a Syrianism; a Syriacism. -- M. Stuart.
The Scripture Greek is observed to be full of Syriasms and Hebraisms. -- Bp. Warburton.
Syringa (n.) (Bot.) 丁香屬 A genus of plants; the lilac.
Syringa (n.) (Bot.) The mock orange; -- popularly so called because its stems were formerly used as pipestems.
Syringa (n.) Large hardy shrub with showy and strongly fragrant creamy-white flowers in short terminal racemes [syn: mock orange, syringa, Philadelphus coronarius].
Syringa (n.) Genus of Old World shrubs or low trees having fragrant flowers in showy panicles: lilacs [syn: Syringa, genus Syringa].
Syringe (n.) 注射器；皮下注射器 A kind of small hand-pump for throwing a stream of liquid, or for purposes of aspiration. It consists of a small cylindrical barrel and piston, or a bulb of soft elastic material, with or without valves, and with a nozzle which is sometimes at the end of a flexible tube; -- used for injecting animal bodies, cleansing wounds, etc.
Garden syringe. See Garden.
Syringed (imp. & p. p.) of Syringe
Syringing (p. pr. & vb. n.) of Syringe
Syringe (v. t.) 注射；洗淨 To inject by means of a syringe; as, to syringe warm water into a vein.
Syringe (v. t.) To wash and clean by injection from a syringe.
Syringe (n.) A medical instrument used to inject or withdraw fluids.
Syringe (v.) Spray or irrigate (a body part) with a syringe.
Syringeal (a.) (Anat.) Of or pertaining to the syrinx; as, the syringeal muscle.
Syringin (n.) (Chem.) 紫丁香苷，化學式: C17H24O9，丁香苷，紫丁香素 A glucoside found in the bark of the lilac (Syringa) and extracted as a white crystalline substance; -- formerly called also lilacin.
Syringocoele (n.) (Anat.) The central canal of the spinal cord. -- B. G. Wilder.
Syringotome (n.) (Surg. & Anat.) A small blunt-pointed bistoury, -- used in syringotomy.
Syringotomy (n.) (Surg.) The operation of cutting for anal fistula.
Syringes (n. pl. ) of Syrinx
Syrinx (n.) (Mus.) 【音】潘神簫 A wind instrument made of reeds tied together; -- called also pandean pipes.
Syrinx (n.) (Anat.) （鳥的）鳴管 The lower larynx in birds.
Note: In birds there are two laringes, an upper or true, but voiceless, larynx in the usual position behind the tongue, and a lower one, at or near the junction of the trachea and bronchi, which is the true organ of the voice.
Syrinx (n.) A primitive wind instrument consisting of several parallel pipes bound together [syn: panpipe, pandean pipe, syrinx].
Syrinx (n.) The vocal organ of a bird.
Syrma (n.) (Class. Antiq.) A long dress, trailing on the floor, worn by tragic actors in Greek and Roman theaters.
Syrphian (a.) (Zool.) Of or pertaining to the syrphus flies.
Syrphian (n.) (Zool.) A syrphus fly.
Syrphus fly () (Zool.) Any one of numerous species of dipterous flies of the genus Syrphus and allied genera. They are usually bright-colored, with yellow bands, and hover around plants. The larvae feed upon plant lice, and are, therefore, very beneficial to agriculture.
Syrt (n.) A quicksand; a bog. [R.] -- Young.
Syrtic (a.) Of or pertaining to a syrt; resembling syrt, or quicksand.
Syrtes (n. pl. ) of Syrtis
Syrtis (n.) A quicksand.
Syrup (a.) Alt. of Syrupy.
Syrupy (a.) Same as Sirup, Sirupy.
Syssarcosis (n.) The junction of bones by intervening muscles.
Systaltic (a.) Capable of, or taking place by, alternate contraction and dilatation; as, the systaltic action of the heart.
Systasis (n.) A political union, confederation, or league.
System (n.) An assemblage of objects arranged in regular subordination, or after some distinct method, usually logical or scientific; a complete whole of objects related by some common law, principle, or end; a complete exhibition of essential principles or facts, arranged in a rational dependence or connection; a regular union of principles or parts forming one entire thing; as, a system of philosophy; a system of government; a system of divinity; a system of botany or chemistry; a military system; the solar system.
System (n.) Hence, the whole scheme of created things regarded as forming one complete plan of whole; the universe.
System (n.) Regular method or order; formal arrangement; plan; as, to have a system in one's business.
System (n.) The collection of staves which form a full score. See Score, n.
System (n.) An assemblage of parts or organs, either in animal or plant, essential to the performance of some particular function or functions which as a rule are of greater complexity than those manifested by a single organ; as, the capillary system, the muscular system, the digestive system, etc.; hence, the whole body as a functional unity.
System (n.) One of the stellate or irregular clusters of intimately united zooids which are imbedded in, or scattered over, the surface of the common tissue of many compound ascidians.
Systematic (a.) Alt. of Systematical.
Systematical (a.) Of or pertaining to system; consisting in system; methodical; formed with regular connection and adaptation or subordination of parts to each other, and to the design of the whole; as, a systematic arrangement of plants or animals; a systematic course of study.
Systematical (a.) Proceeding according to system, or regular method; as, a systematic writer; systematic benevolence.
Systematical (a.) Pertaining to the system of the world; cosmical.
Systematical (a.) Affecting successively the different parts of the system or set of nervous fibres; as, systematic degeneration.
Systematically (adv.) In a systematic manner; methodically.
Systematism (n.) The reduction of facts or principles to a system.
Systematist (n.) One who forms a system, or reduces to system.
Systematist (n.) One who adheres to a system.
Systematization (n.) The act or operation of systematizing.
Systematized (imp. & p. p.) of Systematize.
Systematizing (p. pr. & vb. n.) of Systematize.
Systematize (v. t.) To reduce to system or regular method; to arrange methodically; to methodize; as, to systematize a collection of plants or minerals; to systematize one's work; to systematize one's ideas.
Systematizer (n.) One who systematizes.
Systematology (n.) The doctrine of, or a treatise upon, systems.
Systemic (a.) Of or relating to a system; common to a system; as, the systemic circulation of the blood.
Systemic (a.) Of or pertaining to the general system, or the body as a whole; as, systemic death, in distinction from local death; systemic circulation, in distinction from pulmonic circulation; systemic diseases.
Systemization (n.) The act or process of systematizing; systematization.
Systemized (imp. & p. p.) of Systemize.
Systemizing (p. pr. & vb. n.) of Systemize.
Systemize (v. t.) To reduce to system; to systematize.
Systemizer (n.) One who systemizes, or reduces to system; a systematizer.
Systemless (a.) Being without system.
Systemless (a.) Not agreeing with some artificial system of classification.
Systemless (a.) Not having any of the distinct systems or types of structure, as the radiate, articulate, etc., characteristic of organic nature; as, all unicellular organisms are systemless.
Systole (n.) The shortening of the long syllable.
Systole (n.) The contraction of the heart and arteries by which the blood is forced onward and the circulation kept up; -- correlative to diastole.
Systolic (a.) Of or pertaining to systole, or contraction; contracting; esp., relating to the systole of the heart; as, systolic murmur.
Systyle (a.) Having a space equal to two diameters or four modules between two columns; -- said of a portico or building. See Intercolumniation.
Systyle (n.) A systyle temple or other edifice.
Syth (prep., adv., conj. & n.) Alt. of Sythe.
Sythe (prep., adv., conj. & n.) See Sith, Sithe.
Sythe (n.) Scythe.
Syzygial (a.) Pertaining to a syzygy.
Syzygies (n. pl. ) of Syzygy.
Syzygy (n.) The point of an orbit, as of the moon or a planet, at which it is in conjunction or opposition; -- commonly used in the plural.
Syzygy (n.) The nearly straight-line configuration of three celestial bodies (such as the sun, moon, and earth during a solar or lunar eclipse) in a gravitational system.