Webster's Unabridged Dictionary - Letter C - Page 59
Churning (n.) The quantity of butter made at one operation.
Churrus (n.) A powerfully narcotic and intoxicating gum resin which exudes from the flower heads, seeds, etc., of Indian hemp.
Churrworm (n.) An insect that turns about nimbly; the mole cricket; -- called also fan cricket.
Chuse (v. t.) See Choose.
Chute (n.) A framework, trough, or tube, upon or through which objects are made to slide from a higher to a lower level, or through which water passes to a wheel.
Chute (n.) See Shoot.
Chutney (n.) Alt. of Chutnee.
Chutnee (n.) A warm or spicy condiment or pickle made in India, compounded of various vegetable substances, sweets, acids, etc.
Chylaceous (a.) Possessed of the properties of chyle; consisting of chyle.
Chylaqueous (a.) Consisting of chyle much diluted with water; -- said of a liquid which forms the circulating fluid of some inferior animals.
Chyle (n.) A milky fluid containing the fatty matter of the food in a state of emulsion, or fine mechanical division; formed from chyme by the action of the intestinal juices. It is absorbed by the lacteals, and conveyed into the blood by the thoracic duct.
Chylifaction (n.) The act or process by which chyle is formed from food in animal bodies; chylification, -- a digestive process.
Chylifactive (a.) Producing, or converting into, chyle; having the power to form chyle.
Chyliferous (a.) Transmitting or conveying chyle; as, chyliferous vessels.
Chylific (a.) Chylifactive.
Chylification (n.) The formation of chyle. See Chylifaction.
Chylificatory (a.) Chylifactive.
Chylify (v. t. & i.) To make chyle of; to be converted into chyle.
Chylopoetic (a.) Concerned in the formation of chyle; as, the chylopoetic organs.
Chylous (a.) Consisting of, or similar to, chyle.
Chyluria (n.) A morbid condition in which the urine contains chyle or fatty matter, giving it a milky appearance.
Chyme (n.) The pulpy mass of semi-digested food in the small intestines just after its passage from the stomach. It is separated in the intestines into chyle and excrement. See Chyle.
Chymic () Alt. of Chymistry.
Chymist () Alt. of Chymistry.
Chymistry () See Chemic, Chemist, Chemistry.
Chymiferous (a.) Bearing or containing chyme.
Chymification (n.) The conversion of food into chyme by the digestive action of gastric juice.
Chymify (v. t.) To form into chyme.
Chymous (a.) Of or pertaining to chyme.
Chyometer (n.) An instrument for measuring liquids. It consists of a piston moving in a tube in which is contained the liquid, the quantity expelled being indicated by the graduation upon the piston rod.
Cibarious (a.) Pertaining to food; edible.
Cibation (n.) The act of taking food.
Cibation (n.) The process or operation of feeding the contents of the crucible with fresh material.
Cibol (n.) A perennial alliaceous plant (Allium fistulosum), sometimes called Welsh onion. Its fistular leaves areused in cookery.
Ciboria (n. pl. ) of Ciborium.
Ciborium (n.) A canopy usually standing free and supported on four columns, covering the high altar, or, very rarely, a secondary altar.
Ciborium (n.) The coffer or case in which the host is kept; the pyx.
Cicadas (n. pl. ) of Cicada.
Cicadae (n. pl. ) of Cicada.
Cicada (n.) Any species of the genus Cicada. They are large hemipterous insects, with nearly transparent wings. The male makes a shrill sound by peculiar organs in the under side of the abdomen, consisting of a pair of stretched membranes, acted upon by powerful muscles. A noted American species (C. septendecim) is called the seventeen year locust. Another common species is the dogday cicada.
Cicala (n.) A cicada. See Cicada.
Cicatrice (n.) A cicatrix.
Cicatricial (a.) Relating to, or having the character of, a cicatrix.
Cicatricle (n.) The germinating point in the embryo of a seed; the point in the yolk of an egg at which development begins.
Cicatrisive (a.) Tending to promote the formation of a cicatrix; good for healing of a wound.
Cicatrices (n. pl. ) of Cicatrix
Cicatrix (n.) The pellicle which forms over a wound or breach of continuity and completes the process of healing in the latter, and which subsequently contracts and becomes white, forming the scar.
Cicatrizant (n.) A medicine or application that promotes the healing of a sore or wound, or the formation of a cicatrix.
Cicatrization (n.) The process of forming a cicatrix, or the state of being cicatrized.
Cicatrized (imp. & p. p.) of Cicatrize.
Cicatrizing (p. pr. & vb. n.) of Cicatrize.
Cicatrize (v. t.) To heal or induce the formation of a cicatrix in, as in wounded or ulcerated flesh.
Cicatrize (v. i.) To heal; to have a new skin.
Cicatrose (a.) Full of scars.
Cicely (n.) Any one of several umbelliferous plants, of the genera Myrrhis, Osmorrhiza, etc.
Cicero (n.) Pica type; -- so called by French printers.
Cicero (n.) 西賽羅，馬庫斯·圖利烏斯·西塞羅（Marcus Tullius Cicero，前106年1月3日－前43年12月7日，其名在拉丁語中讀為 [ˈkɪkɛroː]（音譯為基凱羅），西塞羅為英文音譯，發音： /ˈsɪsᵻroʊ/），是羅馬共和國晚期的哲學家、政治家、律師、作家、雄辯家。他出生於騎士階級的一個富裕家庭，青年投身法律和政治，其後曾擔任羅馬共和國的執政官；同時，因為其演說和文學作品，他被廣泛地認為是古羅馬最好的演說家和最好的散文作家之一 [1] [2]。在羅馬共和國晚期的政治危機中，他是共和國所代表的自由主義的忠誠辯護者，馬克·安東尼的政敵。他支持古羅馬的憲制，因此也被認為是三權分立學說的古代先驅 [3]，公元前63年當選為執政官，後被馬克·安東尼派人殺害於福爾米亞。
西塞羅因其作品的文學成就，為拉丁語的發展作出了不小的貢獻。他在當時是羅馬著名的文學人物，其演說風格雄偉、論文機智、散文流暢，設定了古典拉丁語的文學風格。西塞羅也是一位古希臘哲學的研究者 [4]。他通過翻譯，為羅馬人介紹了很多希臘哲學的作品，使得希臘哲學的研究得以在希臘被羅馬征服之後得以延續。
西塞羅在古羅馬時代的影響在中世紀時代漸漸衰落，但在文藝復興時被重新振興。彼特拉克在14世紀重新發現了西塞羅的書信，由此開始了文藝復興學者對西塞羅的重新研究 [5]。因此有學者認為，文藝復興在本質上是對西塞羅的復興 [6]。西塞羅的影響在啟蒙時代達到了頂峰，受其政治哲學影響者包括洛克、休謨、孟德斯鳩等哲學家。亞當斯、漢密爾頓等人也常在其作品中引用西塞羅的作品 [7]。
西塞羅深遠地影響了歐洲的哲學和政治學說，並且至今仍是羅馬歷史的研究對象。
Marcus Tullius Cicero [n1]; 3 January 106 BC – 7 December 43 BC) [2] was a Roman statesman, orator, lawyer and philosopher, who served as consul in the year 63 BC. He came from a wealthy municipal family of the Roman equestrian order, and is considered one of Rome's greatest orators and prose stylists. [3] [4]
His influence on the Latin language was so immense that the subsequent history of prose, not only in Latin but in European languages up to the 19th century, was said to be either a reaction against or a return to his style. [5] [6] Cicero introduced the Romans to the chief schools of Greek philosophy and created a Latin philosophical vocabulary (with neologisms such as evidentia, [7] humanitas, qualitas, quantitas, and essentia) [8] distinguishing himself as a translator and philosopher.
Though he was an accomplished orator and successful lawyer, Cicero believed his political career was his most important achievement. It was during his consulship that the second Catilinarian conspiracy attempted to overthrow the government through an attack on the city by outside forces, and Cicero suppressed the revolt by summarily and controversially executing five conspirators. During the chaotic latter half of the 1st century BC marked by civil wars and the dictatorship of Gaius Julius Caesar, Cicero championed a return to the traditional republican government. Following Julius Caesar's death, Cicero became an enemy of Mark Antony in the ensuing power struggle, attacking him in a series of speeches. He was proscribed as an enemy of the state by the Second Triumvirate and consequently executed by soldiers operating on their behalf in 43 BC after having been intercepted during an attempted flight from the Italian peninsula. His severed hands and head were then, as a final revenge of Mark Antony, displayed on The Rostra.
Petrarch's rediscovery of Cicero's letters is often credited for initiating the 14th-century Renaissance in public affairs, humanism, and classical Roman culture. [9] According to Polish historian Tadeusz Zieliński, "the Renaissance was above all things a revival of Cicero, and only after him and through him of the rest of Classical antiquity." [10] The peak of Cicero's authority and prestige came during the 18th-century Enlightenment, [11] and his impact on leading Enlightenment thinkers and political theorists such as John Locke, David Hume, Montesquieu and Edmund Burke was substantial. [12] His works rank among the most influential in European culture, and today still constitute one of the most important bodies of primary material for the writing and revision of Roman history, especially the last days of the Roman Republic. [13]
Ciceroni (n. pl. ) of Cicerone.
Cicerones (n. pl. ) of Cicerone.
Cicerone (n.) One who shows strangers the curiosities of a place; a guide.
Ciceronian (a.) 西塞羅的；雄辯的 Resembling Cicero in style or action; eloquent.
Ciceronian (a.) Of or relating to Cicero or his writings.
// The Ciceronian orations.
Ciceronian (a.) In the style of Cicero: characterized by melodious language, clarity, and forcefulness of presentation.
// Ciceronian invective.
Ciceronian (n.) 西塞羅（羅馬的雄辯家，政治家）崇拜者；專門研究西塞羅作品的人 A person who is an expert on or specializes in the study of the works of Cicero.
Ciceronian (n.) A person who admires or imitates the style of Cicero.
Ciceronianism (n.) 模仿西塞羅風格 （尤指文藝復興期中某些作家） Imitation of, or resemblance to, the style or action Cicero; a Ciceronian phrase or expression. "Great study in Ciceronianism, the chief abuse of Oxford." -- Sir P. Sidney.
Cichlid (n.) 慈鯛科 Cichlids are fish from the family Cichlidae in the order Perciformes. Cichlids are members of a suborder known as Labroidei, along with the wrasses (Labridae), damselfishes (Pomacentridae), and surfperches (Embiotocidae). [1] This family is both large and diverse. At least 1,650 species have been scientifically described, [2] making it one of the largest vertebrate families. New species are discovered annually, and many species remain undescribed. The actual number of species is therefore unknown, with estimates varying between 2,000 and 3,000. [3] Cichlids are popular freshwater fish kept in the home aquarium.
Cichoraceous (a.) Belonging to, or resembling, a suborder of composite plants of which the chicory (Cichorium) is the type.
Cich-pea (n.) The chick-pea.
Cicisbeism (n.) The state or conduct of a cicisbeo.
Cicisbei (n. pl. ) of Cicisbeo.
Cicisbeo (n.) A professed admirer of a married woman; a dangler about women.
Cicisbeo (n.) A knot of silk or ribbon attached to a fan, walking stick, etc.
Ciclatoun (n.) A costly cloth, of uncertain material, used in the Middle Ages.
Ciconiiform (n.) (order Ciconiiformes), 鸛鷺目鳥 （鸛鷺目） Any member of the five or six families of storklike birds: herons and bitterns (Ardeidae), the shoebill (sole species of the Balaenicipitidae), the hammerhead (sole species of the Scopidae), typical storks and wood storks (Ciconiidae), ibis and spoonbills (Threskiornithidae), and, according to some authorities, flamingos (Phoenicopteridae).
Cicurate (v. t.) To tame.
Cicuration (n.) The act of taming.
Cicuta (n.) a genus of poisonous umbelliferous plants, of which the water hemlock or cowbane is best known.
Cicutoxin (n.) The active principle of the water hemlock (Cicuta) extracted as a poisonous gummy substance.
Cid (n.) Chief or commander; in Spanish literature, a title of Ruy Diaz, Count of Bivar, a champion of Christianity and of the old Spanish royalty, in the 11th century.
Cid (n.) An epic poem, which celebrates the exploits of the Spanish national hero, Ruy Diaz.
Cider (n.) The expressed juice of apples. It is used as a beverage, for making vinegar, and for other purposes.
Ciderist (n.) A maker of cider.
Ciderkin (n.) A kind of weak cider made by steeping the refuse pomace in water.
Ci-devant (a.) Former; previous; of times gone by; as, a ci-devant governor.
Cierge (n.) A wax candle used in religous rites.
Cigar (n.) [C] 雪茄菸 A small roll of tobacco, used for smoking.
Cigar (n.) A roll of tobacco for smoking.
Cigarette (n.) 香菸，紙菸，菸卷 [C] A little cigar; a little fine tobacco rolled in paper for smoking. [Also spelled cigaret.]
Syn: cigarette, fag, weed. Cigar fish
Cigarette (n.) Finely ground tobacco wrapped in paper; for smoking [syn: cigarette, cigaret, coffin nail, butt, fag].
Cilia (n. pl.) The eyelashes.
Cilia (n. pl.) Small, generally microscopic, vibrating appendages lining certain organs, as the air passages of the higher animals, and in the lower animals often covering also the whole or a part of the exterior. They are also found on some vegetable organisms. In the Infusoria, and many larval forms, they are locomotive organs.
Cilia (n. pl.) Hairlike processes, commonly marginal and forming a fringe like the eyelash.
Cilia (n. pl.) Small, vibratory, swimming organs, somewhat resembling true cilia, as those of Ctenophora.
Ciliary (a.) Pertaining to the cilia, or eyelashes. Also applied to special parts of the eye itself; as, the ciliary processes of the choroid coat; the ciliary muscle, etc.
Ciliary (a.) Pertaining to or connected with the cilia in animal or vegetable organisms; as, ciliary motion.
Ciliata (n. pl.) One of the orders of Infusoria, characterized by having cilia. In some species the cilia cover the body generally, in others they form a band around the mouth.
Ciliate (a.) Alt. of Ciliated
Ciliated (a.) Provided with, or surrounded by, cilia; as, a ciliate leaf; endowed with vibratory motion; as, the ciliated epithelium of the windpipe.
Cilice (n.) A kind of haircloth undergarment.
Cilician (a.) Of or pertaining to Cilicia in Asia Minor.
Cilician (n.) A native or inhabitant of Cilicia.
Cilicious (a.) Made, or consisting, of hair.
Ciliform (a.) Alt. of Ciliiform.
Ciliiform (a.) Having the form of cilia; very fine or slender.
Ciliograde (a.) Moving by means of cilia, or cilialike organs; as, the ciliograde Medusae.
Cilium (n.) See Cilia.
Cill (n.) See Sill., n. a foundation.
Cillosis (n.) A spasmodic trembling of the upper eyelid.