Webster's Unabridged Dictionary - Letter C - Page 57
Chromite (n.) (Min.) A black submetallic mineral consisting of oxide of chromium and iron; -- called also chromic iron.
Chromite (n.) (Chem.) A compound or salt of chromous hydroxide regarded as an acid. [R.]
Chromite (n.) A brownish-black mineral; the major source of chromium
Chromium (n.) (Chem.) A comparatively rare element occurring most abundantly in the mineral chromite. Atomic weight 52.5. Symbol Cr. When isolated it is a hard, brittle, grayish white metal, fusible with difficulty. Its chief commercial importance is for its compounds, as potassium chromate, lead chromate, etc., which are brilliantly colored and are used dyeing and calico printing. Called also chrome.
Chromium (n.) A hard brittle multivalent metallic element; resistant to corrosion and tarnishing [syn: chromium, Cr, atomic number 24].
Chromium
Symbol: Cr
Atomic number: 24
Atomic weight: 51.996
Hard silvery transition element. Used in decorative electroplating.
Discovered in 1797 by Vauquelin.
Chromos (n. pl. ) of Chromo.
Chromo (n.) A chromolithograph.
Chromoblast (n.) An embryonic cell which develops into a pigment cell.
Chromogen () (Biol.) Vegetable coloring matter other than green; chromule.
Chromogen () (Chem.) Any colored compound, supposed to contain one or more chromophores.
Chromogen (n.) A compound that can be converted to a pigment.
Chromogenic (a.) (Biol.) Containing, or capable of forming, chromogen; as, chromogenic bacteria.
Chromograph (n.) An apparatus by which a number of copies of written matter, maps, plans, etc., can be made; -- called also hectograph.
Chromoleucite (n.) (Bot.) A chromoplastid.
Chromoplastid (n.) (Bot.) A protoplasmic granule of some other color than green; -- also called chromoleucite.
Chromolithograph (n.) A picture printed in tints and colors by repeated impressions from a series of stones prepared by the lithographic process.
Compare: Lithographic
Lithographic (a.) 平版的；平版印刷術的 Relating to or produced by lithography.
‘Lithographic prints.’
Compare: Lithography
Lithography (n.) 平版印刷術 The process of
printing from a flat surface treated so as to repel the ink except where it is
required for printing.
The earliest forms of lithography used greasy ink to form an image on a piece
of limestone that was then etched with acid and treated with gum arabic. In a
modern press, rollers transfer ink to a thin aluminum plate wrapped around a
cylinder. In offset lithography the image is transferred to an intermediate rubber-covered
cylinder before being printed.
‘Printing on aluminum foil can be accomplished by any commercial process, including rotogravure, flexography, lithography, and letterpress.’
Lithography (n.) Electronics An analogous method for making printed circuits.
‘In microelectronics manufacturing, lithography plays the analogous role.’
Chromolithographer (n.) One who is engaged in chromolithography.
Chromolithographic (a.) Pertaining to, or made by, chromolithography.
Chromolithography (n.) Lithography adapted to printing in inks of various colors.
Chromolithography (n.) Single- or multi-color lithography.
Chromophane (n.) (Physiol.) A general name for the several coloring matters, red, green, yellow, etc., present in the inner segments in the cones of the retina, held in solution by fats, and slowly decolorized by light; distinct from the photochemical pigments of the rods of the retina.
Chromophore (n.) (Chem.) Any chemical group or residue (as NO2; N2; or O2) which imparts some decided color to the compound of which it is an ingredient.
Chromophore (n.) The chemical group that gives color to a molecule.
Chromophotography (n.) The art of producing photographs in colors.
Chromophotolithograph (n.) A photolithograph printed in colors.
Chromoplastid (n.) (Bot.) A protoplasmic granule of some other color than green; -- also called chromoleucite.
Chromosome (n.) (Biol.) One of the minute bodies into which the chromatin of the nucleus is resolved during mitotic cell division; the idant of Weismann.
Chromosome (n.) A threadlike strand of DNA in the cell nucleus that carries the genes in a linear order; "humans have 22 chromosome pairs plus two sex chromosomes."
Chromosphere (n.) (Astron.) An atmosphere of rare matter, composed principally of incandescent hydrogen gas, surrounding the sun and enveloping the photosphere. Portions of the chromosphere are here and there thrown up into enormous tongues of flame.
Chromosphere (n.) A gaseous layer of the sun's atmosphere (extending from the photosphere to the corona) that is visible during a total eclipse of the sun.
Chromospheric (a.) Of or pertaining to the chromosphere.
Chromotype (n.) A sheet printed in colors by any process, as a chromolithograph. See Chromolithograph.
Chromotype (n.) A photographic picture in the natural colors.
Chromous (a.) Of, pertaining to, or derived from, chromium, when this element has a valence lower than that in chromic compounds.
Chromous acid, A bluish gray powder, CrO.OH, of weak acid properties and regard as an acid.
Chromule (n.) (Bot.) A general name for coloring matter of plants other than chlorophyll, especially that of petals.
Chronic (a.) Relating to time; according to time.
Chronic (a.) Continuing for a long time; lingering; habitual.
Chronic disease, One which is inveterate, of long continuance, or progresses slowly, in distinction from an acute disease, which speedly terminates.
Chronic (a.) Being long-lasting and recurrent or characterized by long suffering; "chronic indigestion"; "a chronic shortage of funds"; "a chronic invalid" [ant: acute].
Chronic (a.) Of long duration; "chronic money problems" [syn: chronic, continuing].
Chronic (a.) Habitual; "a chronic smoker" [syn: chronic, inveterate].
Chronical (a.) Chronic.
Partly on a chronical, and partly on a topical method. -- J. A. Alexander.
Chronicle (v. t.) 把……載入編年史；記錄；記述 To record in a history or chronicle; to record; to register. -- Shak.
Chronicle (n.) [C] 編年史，年代記，歷史；記事，敘述 An historical register or account of facts or events disposed in the order of time.
Chronicle (n.) A narrative of events; a history; a record.
Chronicle (n.) (pl.) The two canonical books of the Old Testament in which immediately follow 2 Kings.
Syn: Register; record; annals. See History.
Chronicle (n.) A record or narrative description of past events; "a history of France"; "he gave an inaccurate account of the plot to kill the president"; "the story of exposure to lead" [syn: history, account, chronicle, story].
Chronicle (v.) Record in chronological order; make a historical record.
Chronicled (imp. & p. p.) of Chronicle.
Chronicling (p. pr. & vb. n.) of Chronicle.
Chronicler (n.) A writer of a chronicle; a recorder of events in the order of time; an historian.
Such an honest chronicler as Griffith. -- Shak.
Chronicler (n.) Someone who writes chronicles.
Chronique (n.) A chronicle. -- L. Addison.
Chronogram (n.) An inscription in which certain numeral letters, made to appear specially conspicuous, on being added together, express a particular date or epoch, as in the motto of a medal struck by Gustavus Adolphus in 1632: ChrIstVs DVX; ergo trIVMphVs.- the capitals of which give, when added as numerals, the sum 1632.
Chronogram (n.) The record or inscription made by a chronograph. Chronogrammatic
Chronogrammatic (a.) Alt. of Chronogrammatical.
Chronogrammatical (a.) Belonging to a chronogram, or containing one.
Chronogrammatist (n.) A writer of chronograms.
Chronograph (n.) An instrument for measuring or recording intervals of time, upon a revolving drum or strip of paper moved by clockwork. The action of the stylus or pen is controlled by electricity.
Chronograph (n.) Same as Chronogram, 1. [R.]
Chronograph (n.) A chronoscope.
Chronograph (n.) An accurate timer for recording time.
Chronographer (n.) One who writes a chronography; a chronologer. -- Tooke.
Chronographic (a.) Of or pertaining to a chronograph.
Chronography (n.) A description or record of past time; history. [Obs.] -- Bp. Hall.
Chronologist, Chronologer (n.) A person who investigates dates of events and transactions; one skilled in chronology.
That learned noise and dust of the chronologist is wholly to be avoided. -- Locke.
THe most exact chronologers tell us that Christ was born in October, and not in December. -- John Knox.
Chronologer (n.) Same as Chronologist. Chronologic
Chronologic (a.) Alt. of Chronological
Chronological (a.) Relating to chronology; containing an account of events in the order of time; according to the order of time; as, chronological tables. -- Raleigh. -- Chron`o*log"ic*al*ly, (adv.) Chronologist
Chronologist (n.) Alt. of Chronologer.
Chronologer (n.) A person who investigates dates of events and transactions; one skilled in chronology.
That learned noise and dust of the chronologist is wholly to be avoided. -- Locke.
The most exact chronologers tell us that Christ was born in October, and not in December. -- John Knox.
Chronologies (n. pl. ) of Chronology
Chronology (n.) 年代學；年代記；年表 The science which treats of measuring time by regular divisions or periods, and which assigns to events or transactions their proper dates.
If history without chronology is dark and confused, chronology without history is dry and insipid. -- A. Holmes.
Chronology (n.) An arrangement of events in time.
Chronology (n.) A record of events in the order of their occurrence.
Chronology (n.) The determination of the actual temporal sequence of past events.
Chronology (n.) Is the arrangement of facts and events in the order of time. The writers of the Bible themselves do not adopt any standard era according to which they date events. Sometimes the years are reckoned, e.g., from the time of the Exodus (Num. 1:1; 33:38; 1 Kings 6:1), and sometimes from the accession of kings (1 Kings 15:1, 9, 25, 33, etc.), and sometimes again from the return from Exile (Ezra 3:8).
Hence in constructing a system of Biblecal chronology, the plan has been adopted of reckoning the years from the ages of the patriarchs before the birth of their first-born sons for the period from the Creation to Abraham. After this period other data are to be taken into account in determining the relative sequence of events.
As to the patriarchal period, there are three principal systems of chronology: (1) that of the Hebrew text, (2) that of the Septuagint version, and (3) that of the Samaritan Pentateuch, as seen in the scheme on the opposite page.
The Samaritan and the Septuagint have considerably modified the Hebrew chronology. This modification some regard as having been wilfully made, and to be rejected. The same system of variations is observed in the chronology of the period between the Flood and Abraham. Thus:
| Hebrew Septuigant Samaritan
| From the birth of
| Arphaxad, 2 years
| after the Flood, to
| the birth of Terah. 220 1000 870
| From the birth of
| Terah to the birth
| of Abraham. 130 70 72
The Septuagint fixes on seventy years as the age of Terah at the birth of Abraham, from Gen. 11:26; but a comparison of Gen. 11:32 and Acts 7:4 with Gen. 12:4 shows that when Terah died, at the age of two hundred and five years, Abraham was seventy-five years, and hence Terah must have been one hundred and thirty years when Abraham was born. Thus, including the two years from the Flood to the birth of Arphaxad, the period from the Flood to the birth of Abraham was three hundred and fifty-two years.
The next period is from the birth of Abraham to the Exodus. This, according to the Hebrew, extends to five hundred and five years. The difficulty here is as to the four hundred and thirty years mentioned Ex. 12:40, 41; Gal. 3:17. These years are regarded by some as dating from the covenant with Abraham (Gen. 15), which was entered into soon after his sojourn in Egypt; others, with more probability, reckon these years from Jacob's going down into Egypt. (See {EXODUS}.)
In modern times the systems of Biblical chronology that have been adopted are chiefly those of Ussher and Hales. The former follows the Hebrew, and the latter the Septuagint mainly. Archbishop Ussher's (died 1656) system is called the short chronology. It is that given on the margin of the Authorized Version, but is really of no authority, and is quite uncertain.
| Ussher Hales
| B.C. B.C.
| Creation 4004 5411
| Flood 2348 3155
| Abram leaves Haran 1921 2078
| Exodus 1491 1648
| Destruction of the
| Temple 588 586
To show at a glance the different ideas of the date of the creation, it may be interesting to note the following: From Creation to 1894.
According to Ussher, 5,898; Hales, 7,305; Zunz (Hebrew reckoning), 5,882; Septuagint (Perowne), 7,305; Rabbinical, 5,654; Panodorus, 7,387; Anianus, 7,395; Constantinopolitan, 7,403; Eusebius, 7,093; Scaliger, 5,844; Dionysius (from whom we take our Christian era), 7,388; Maximus, 7,395; Syncellus and Theophanes, 7,395; Julius Africanus, 7,395; Jackson, 7,320.
Chronometer (n.) An instrument for measuring time; a timekeeper.
Chronometer (n.) A portable timekeeper, with a heavy compensation balance, and usually beating half seconds; -- intended to keep time with great accuracy for use an astronomical observations, in determining longitude, etc.
Chronometer (n.) (Mus.) A metronome.
Box chronometer. See under Box.
Pocket chronometer, A chronometer in the form of a large watch.
To rate a chronometer. See Rate, v. t.
Chronometer (n.) An accurate clock (especially used in navigation).
Chronometric (a.) Alt. of Chronometrical.
Chronometrical (a.) Pertaining to a chronometer; measured by a chronometer.
Chronometry (n.) The art of measuring time; the measuring of time by periods or divisions.
Chronopher (n.) An instrument signaling the correct time to distant points by electricity.
Chronoscope (n.) An instrument for measuring minute intervals of time; used in determining the velocity of projectiles, the duration of short-lived luminous phenomena, etc.
Chronoscope (n.) An instrument for accurate measurements of small intervals of time.
Chrysalid (a.) Pertaining to a chrysalis; resembling a chrysalis.
Chrysalids (n. pl. ) of Chrysalid.
Chrysalid (n.) See Chrysalis.
Chrysalides (n. pl. ) of Chrysalis.
Chrysalis (n.) (Zool.) The pupa state of certain insects, esp. of butterflies, from which the perfect insect emerges. See Pupa, and Aurelia (a).
Chrysaniline (n.) (Chem.) A yellow substance obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of rosaniline. It dyes silk a fine golden-yellow color.
Chrysanthemum (n.) (Bot.) A genus of composite plants, mostly perennial, and of many species including the many varieties of garden chrysanthemums (annual and perennial), and also the feverfew and the oxeye daisy.
Chrysanthemum (n.) The flower of a chrysanthemum plant.
Chrysanthemum (n.) Any of numerous perennial Old World herbs having showy brightly colored flower heads of the genera Chrysanthemum, Argyranthemum, Dendranthema, Tanacetum; widely cultivated.
Chrysarobin (n.) (Chem.) A bitter, yellow substance forming the essential constituent of Goa powder, and yielding chrysophanic acid proper; hence formerly called also chrysphanic acid.
Chrysarobin (n.) A bitter yellow powder used to treat skin diseases [syn: araroba, Goa powder, chrysarobin].
Chrysaurin (n.) An orange-colored dyestuff, of artificial production.
Chryselephantine (a.) Composed of, or adorned with, gold and ivory.
Note: The chryselephantine statues of the Greeks were built up with inferior materials, veneered, as it were, with ivory for the flesh, and gold decorated with color for the hair and garments.
Chrysene (n.) (Chem.) One of the higher aromatic hydrocarbons of coal tar, allied to naphthalene and anthracene. It is a white crystalline substance, C18H12, of strong blue fluorescence, but generally colored yellow by impurities.
Chrysoberyl (n.) (Min.) A mineral, found in crystals, of a yellow to green or brown color, and consisting of aluminia and glucina. It is very hard, and is often used as a gem.
Chrysoberyl (n.) A rare hard yellow green mineral consisting of beryllium aluminate in crystal form; used as a gemstone.
Chrysochlore (n.) (Zool.) A South African mole of the genus Chrysochloris; the golden mole, the fur of which reflects brilliant metallic hues of green and gold.
Chrysocolla (n.) (Min.) A hydrous silicate of copper, occurring massive, of a blue or greenish blue color.
Chrysogen (n.) (Chem.) A yellow crystalline substance extracted from crude anthracene.
Chrysography (n.) The art of writing in letters of gold.
Chrysography (n.) A writing executed in letters of gold.
Chrysoidine (n.) (Chem.) An artificial, yellow, crystalline dye, C6H5N2.C6H3 (NH2) 2. Also, one of a group of dyestuffs resembling chrysoidine proper.
Chrysolite (n.) (Min.) A mineral, composed of silica, magnesia, and iron, of a yellow to green color. It is common in certain volcanic rocks; -- called also olivine and peridot. Sometimes used as a gem. The name was also early used for yellow varieties of tourmaline and topaz.
Chrysolite (n.) A brown or yellow-green olivine found in igneous and metamorphic rocks and used as a gemstone.
Chrysology (n.) That branch of political economy which relates to the production of wealth.
Aphis lion (Zool.) The larva of the lacewinged flies ({Chrysopa), which feeds voraciously upon aphids. The name is also applied to the larv[ae] of the ladybugs ({Coccinella).
Chrysopa (n.) (Zool.) A genus of neuropterous insects. See Lacewing.
Chrysophane (n.) (Chem.) A glucoside extracted from rhubarb as a bitter, yellow, crystalline powder, and yielding chrysophanic acid on decomposition.
Parietic (a.) (Chem.) Pertaining to, or designating, an acid found in the lichen Parmelia parietina, and called also chrysophanic acid.
Chrysophanic (a.) Pertaining to, or derived from, or resembling, chrysophane.
Chrysophanic acid (Chem.), A yellow crystalline substance extracted from rhubarb, yellow dock, sienna, chrysarobin, etc., and shown to be a derivative of an anthracene. It is used in the treatment of skin diseases; -- called also rhein, rheic acid, rhubarbarin, etc.
Chalcedony (n.; pl. Chalcedonies) (Min.) A cryptocrystalline, translucent variety of quartz, having usually a whitish color, and a luster nearly like wax. [Written also calcedony.]
Note: When chalcedony is variegated with with spots or figures, or arranged in differently colored layers, it is called agate; and if by reason of the thickness, color, and arrangement of the layers it is suitable for being carved into cameos, it is called onyx.
Chrysoprase is green chalcedony; carnelian, a flesh red, and sard, a brownish red variety.
Chrysoprase (n.) (Min.) An apple-green variety of chalcedony, colored by nickel. It has a dull flinty luster, and is sometimes used in jewelry.
Chrysoprase (n.) A green variety of chalcedony valued as a gemstone.
Chrysoprasus (n.) See Chrysoprase. -- Rev. xxi. 20.
Chrysoprasus, () Golden leek, a precious stone of the colour of leek's juice, a greenish-golden colour (Rev. 21:20).
Chrysosperm (n.) The seed of gold; a means of creating gold. [Obs.] -- B. Jonson.
Chrysotype (n.) Chrysotype（也稱為隱印法或金印）是約翰·赫歇爾(John Herschel) 於1842 年發明的一種照相工藝。以希臘語“金”的意思命名，它使用膠體金在紙上記錄圖像。A photographic picture taken upon paper prepared by the use of a sensitive salt of iron and developed by the application of chloride of gold. -- Abney.
Chrysotype (n.) 2process, invented by Sir J.Herschel.
Chthonic (a.) 陰間的；冥府的；黑暗的；原始的；神祕的 Pertaining to the earth; earthy; as, chthonic religions. [syn: {chthonian}].
[The] chthonic character of the wife of Zeus. -- Max M["u]ller. Chthonophagia
Chthonic (a.) Dwelling beneath the surface of the earth; "nether regions" [syn: {chthonian}, {chthonic}, {nether}]
Chthonic (a.) (= Chthonian) 陰間的；冥府的；黑暗的；原始的；神祕的 Of or relating to the underworld : infernal.
Compare: Infernal
Infernal (a.) [ Before noun ] (Old-fashioned) 壞透的，可惡的；煩人的 Very bad or unpleasant.
// What an infernal noise!
Compare: Infernal
Infernal (a.) 地獄的；地獄般的 Having the qualities of hell (= the place where some people believe bad people go after death).
// He described a journey through the infernal world.
Chthonophagia (n.) Alt. of Chthonophagy.
Chthonophagy (n.) A disease characterized by an irresistible desire to eat earth, observed in some parts of the southern United States, the West Indies, etc.
Chub (n.) (Zool.) A species to fresh-water fish of the Cyprinidae or Carp family. The common European species is Leuciscus cephalus; the cheven. In America the name is applied to various fishes of the same family, of the genera Semotilus, Squalius, Ceratichthys, etc., and locally to several very different fishes, as the tautog, black bass, etc.
Chub mackerel (Zool.), A species of mackerel ({Scomber colias) in some years found in abundance on the Atlantic coast, but absent in others; -- called also bull mackerel, thimble-eye, and big-eye mackerel.
Chub sucker (Zool.), A fresh-water fish of the United States ({Erimyzon sucetta); -- called also creekfish.
Chub (n.) European freshwater game fish with a thick spindle-shaped body [syn: chub, Leuciscus cephalus].
Chubbed (a.) Chubby. [R.] -- H. Brooke.
Chubbedness (n.) The state of being chubby.
Chubby (a.) 圓胖的；豐滿的 Like a chub; plump, short, and thick. "Chubby faces." -- I. Taylor.
Chubby (a.) Sufficiently fat so as to have a pleasing fullness of figure; "a chubby child"; "pleasingly plump"; [syn: {chubby}, {embonpoint}, {plump}].
Chub-faced (a.) Having a plump, short face.