Webster's Unabridged Dictionary - Letter C - Page 139
Couvade (n.) A custom, among certain barbarous tribes, that when a woman gives birth to a child her husband takes to his bed, as if ill.
The world-wide custom of the couvade, where at childbirth the husband undergoes medical treatment, in many cases being put to bed for days. -- Tylor.
Couvade (n.) A custom among some peoples whereby the husband of a pregnant wife is put to bed at the time of bearing the child.
Covariant (n.) (Higher Alg.) A function involving the coefficients and the variables of a quantic, and such that when the quantic is lineally transformed the same function of the new variables and coefficients shall be equal to the old function multiplied by a factor. An invariant is a like function involving only the coefficients of the quantic.
Covariant (a.) Changing so that interrelations with another variable quantity or set of quantities remain unchanged.
Cove (n.) A retired nook; especially, a small, sheltered inlet, creek, or bay; a recess in the shore.
Vessels which were in readiness for him within secret coves and nooks. -- Holland.
Cove (n.) A strip of prairie extending into woodland; also, a recess in the side of a mountain. [U.S.]
Cove (n.) (Arch.) A concave molding.
Cove (n.) (Arch.) A member, whose section is a concave curve, used especially with regard to an inner roof or ceiling, as around a skylight.
Coved (imp. & p. p.) of Cove.
Coving (p. pr. & vb. n.) of Cove.
Cove (v. t.) To arch over; to build in a hollow concave form; to make in the form of a cove.
The mosques and other buildings of the Arabians are rounded into domes and coved roofs. -- H. Swinburne.
Coved ceiling, A ceiling, the part of which next the wail is constructed in a cove.
Coved vault, A vault composed of four coves meeting in a central point, and therefore the reverse of a groined vault.
Cove (v. t.) To brood, cover, over, or sit over, as birds their eggs. [Obs.]
Not being able to cove or sit upon them [eggs], she [the female tortoise] bestoweth them in the gravel. -- Holland.
Cove (n.) A boy or man of any age or station. [Slang]
There's a gentry cove here. -- Wit's Recreations (1654).
Now, look to it, coves, that all the beef and drink Be not filched from us. -- Mrs. Browning. Covelline
Covelline (n.) Alt. of Covellite
Covellite (n.) (Min.) A native sulphide of copper, occuring in masses of a dark blue color; -- hence called indigo copper.
Covenable (a.) Fit; proper; suitable. [Obs.] "A covenable day." -- Wyclif (Mark vi. 21).
Covenably (adv.) Fitly; suitably. [Obs.] "Well and covenably." -- Chaucer.
Covenant (n.) 盟約，公約；契約 [C]；【律】蓋印合同；蓋印合同中的一項條款；（因違約而提出的）賠償損害的要求 [C] A mutual agreement of two or more persons or parties, or one of the stipulations in such an agreement.
Then Jonathan and David made a covenant. -- 1 Sam. xviiii. 3.
Let there be covenants drawn between us. -- Shak.
If we conclude a peace, It shall be with such strict and severe covenants As little shall the Frenchmen gain thereby. -- Shak.
Covenant (n.) (Eccl. Hist.) An agreement made by the Scottish Parliament in 1638, and by the English Parliament in 1643, to preserve the reformed religion in Scotland, and to extirpate popery and prelacy; -- usually called the "Solemn League and Covenant."
He [Wharton] was born in the days of the Covenant, and was the heir of a covenanted house. -- Macaulay.
Covenant (n.) (Theol.) The promises of God as revealed in the Scriptures, conditioned on certain terms on the part of man, as obedience, repentance, faith, etc.
I will establish my covenant between me and thee and thy seed after thee in their generations for an everlasting covenant, to be a God unto thee, and to thy seed after thee. -- Gen. xvii. 7.
Covenant (n.) A solemn compact between members of a church to maintain its faith, discipline, etc.
Covenant (n.) (Law) An undertaking, on sufficient consideration, in writing and under seal, to do or to refrain from some act or thing; a contract; a stipulation; also, the document or writing containing the terms of agreement.
Covenant (n.) (Law) A form of action for the violation of a promise or contract under seal.
Syn: Agreement; contract; compact; bargain; arrangement; stipulation.
Usage: Covenant, Contract, Compact, Stipulation.
These words all denote a mutual agreement between two parties. Covenant is frequently used in a religious sense; as, the covenant of works or of grace; a church covenant; the Solemn League and Covenant. Contract is the word most used in the business of life. Crabb and Taylor are wrong in saying that a contract must always be in writing. There are oral and implied contracts as well as written ones, and these are equally enforced by law. In legal usage, the word covenant has an important place as connected with contracts. A compact is only a stronger and more solemn contract. The term is chiefly applied to political alliances. Thus, the old Confederation was a compact between the States. Under the present Federal Constitution, no individual State can, without consent of Congress, enter into a compact with any other State or foreign power. A stipulation is one of the articles or provisions of a contract.
Covenanted (imp. & p. p.) of Covenant.
Covenanting (p. pr. & vb. n.) of Covenant.
Covenant (v. i.) 訂立盟約（或契約等） To agree (with); to enter into a formal agreement; to bind one's self by contract; to make a stipulation.
Jupiter covenanted with him, that it should be hot or cold, wet or dry, . . . as the tenant should direct. -- L'Estrange.
And they covenanted with him for thyrty pieces of silver. -- Matt. xxvi. 15.
Syn: To agree; contract; bargain; stipulate.
Covenant (v. t.) 立約承諾 [+to-v] [+that] To grant or promise by covenant.
My covenant of peace that I covenanted with you. -- Wyclif.
Covenant (n.) A signed written agreement between two or more parties (nations) to perform some action [syn: covenant, compact, concordat].
Covenant (n.) (Bible) An agreement between God and his people in which God makes certain promises and requires certain behavior from them in return.
Covenant (v.) Enter into a covenant.
Covenant (v.) Enter into a covenant or formal agreement; "They covenanted with Judas for 30 pieces of silver"; "The nations covenanted to fight terrorism around the world."
Covenant, () A contract or agreement between two parties. In the Old Testament the Hebrew word _berith_ is always thus translated. _Berith_ is derived from a root which means "to cut," and hence a covenant is a "cutting," with reference to the cutting or dividing of animals into two parts, and the contracting parties passing between them, in making a covenant (Gen. 15; Jer. 34:18, 19).
The corresponding word in the New Testament Greek is _diatheke_, which is, however, rendered "testament" generally in the Authorized Version. It ought to be rendered, just as the word _berith_ of the Old Testament, "covenant."
This word is used (1) of a covenant or compact between man and man (Gen. 21:32), or between tribes or nations (1 Sam. 11:1; Josh. 9:6, 15). In entering into a convenant, Jehovah was solemnly called on to witness the transaction (Gen. 31:50), and hence it was called a "covenant of the Lord" (1 Sam. 20:8). The marriage compact is called "the covenant of God" (Prov. 2:17), because the marriage was made in God's name. Wicked men are spoken of as acting as if they had made a "covenant with death" not to destroy them, or with hell not to devour them (Isa. 28:15, 18).
Covenant, () (2.) The word is used with reference to God's revelation of himself in the way of promise or of favour to men. Thus God's promise to Noah after the Flood is called a covenant (Gen. 9; Jer. 33:20, "my covenant"). We have an account of God's covernant with Abraham (Gen. 17, comp. Lev. 26:42), of the covenant of the priesthood (Num. 25:12, 13; Deut. 33:9; Neh. 13:29), and of the covenant of Sinai (Ex. 34:27, 28; Lev. 26:15), which was afterwards renewed at different times in the history of Israel (Deut. 29; Josh. 1:24; 2 Chr. 15; 23; 29; 34; Ezra 10; Neh. 9). In conformity with human custom, God's covenant is said to be confirmed with an oath (Deut. 4:31; Ps. 89:3), and to be accompanied by a sign (Gen. 9; 17). Hence the covenant is called God's "counsel," "oath," "promise" (Ps. 89:3, 4; 105:8-11; Heb. 6:13-20; Luke 1:68-75). God's covenant consists wholly in the bestowal of blessing (Isa. 59:21; Jer. 31:33, 34).
The term covenant is also used to designate the regular succession of day and night (Jer. 33:20), the Sabbath (Ex. 31:16), circumcision (Gen. 17:9, 10), and in general any ordinance of God (Jer. 34:13, 14).
A "covenant of salt" signifies an everlasting covenant, in the sealing or ratifying of which salt, as an emblem of perpetuity, is used (Num. 18:19; Lev. 2:13; 2 Chr. 13:5).
COVENANT OF WORKS, the constitution under which Adam was placed at his creation. In this covenant, (1.) The contracting parties were (a) God the moral Governor, and (b) Adam, a free moral agent, and representative of all his natural posterity (Rom. 5:12-19). (2.) The promise was "life" (Matt. 19:16, 17; Gal. 3:12). (3.) The condition was perfect obedience to the law, the test in this case being abstaining from eating the fruit of the "tree of knowledge," etc. (4.) The penalty was death (Gen. 2:16, 17).
This covenant is also called a covenant of nature, as made with man in his natural or unfallen state; a covenant of life, because "life" was the promise attached to obedience; and a legal covenant, because it demanded perfect obedience to the law.
The "tree of life" was the outward sign and seal of that life which was promised in the covenant, and hence it is usually called the seal of that covenant.
This covenant is abrogated under the gospel, inasmuch as Christ has fulfilled all its conditions in behalf of his people, and now offers salvation on the condition of faith. It is still in force, however, as it rests on the immutable justice of God, and is binding on all who have not fled to Christ and accepted his righteousness.
CONVENANT OF GRACE, the eternal plan of redemption entered into by the three persons of the Godhead, and carried out by them in its several parts. In it the Father represented the Godhead in its indivisible sovereignty, and the Son his people as their surety (John 17:4, 6, 9; Isa. 42:6; Ps. 89:3).
The conditions of this covenant were, (1.) On the part of the Father (a) all needful preparation to the Son for the accomplishment of his work (Heb. 10:5; Isa. 42:1-7); (b) support in the work (Luke 22:43); and (c) a glorious reward in the exaltation of Christ when his work was done (Phil. 2:6-11), his investiture with universal dominion (John 5:22; Ps. 110:1), his having the administration of the covenant committed into his hands (Matt. 28:18; John 1:12; 17:2; Acts 2:33), and in the final salvation of all his people (Isa. 35:10; 53:10, 11; Jer. 31:33; Titus 1:2). (2.) On the part of the Son the conditions were (a) his becoming incarnate (Gal. 4:4, 5); and (b) as the second Adam his representing all his people, assuming their place and undertaking all their obligations under the violated covenant of works; (c) obeying the law (Ps. 40:8; Isa. 42:21; John 9:4, 5), and (d) suffering its penalty (Isa. 53; 2 Cor. 5:21; Gal. 3:13), in their stead.
Christ, the mediator of, fulfils all its conditions in behalf of his people, and dispenses to them all its blessings. In Heb. 8:6; 9:15; 12:24, this title is given to Christ. (See DISPENSATION.)
COVENANT, () remedies. The name of an action instituted for the recovery of damages for the breach of a covenant or promise under seal. 2 Ld. Raym. 1536 F; N. B. 145 Com. Dig. Pleader, 2 V 2 Id. Covenant, A 1; Bouv. Inst. Index, h.t.
COVENANT, () 2. The subject will be considered with reference, 1. To the kind of claim or obligation on which this action may be maintained. 2. The form ofthe declaration. 3. The plea. 4. The judgment.
COVENANT, () 3.-1. To support this action, there must be a breach of a promise under seal. 6 Port. R. 201; 5 Pike, 263; 4 Dana, 381; 6 Miss. R. 29. Such promise may be contained in a deed-poll, or indenture, or be express or implied by. law from the terms of the deed; or for the performance of something in futuro, or that something has been done; or in some cases, though it relate to something in presenti, as that the covenantor has, a good title. 2 Saund. 181, b. Though, in general, it is said that covenant will not lie on a contract inpresenti, as on a covenant to stand seized, or that a certain horse shall henceforth be the property of another. Plowd. 308; Com. Dig. Covenant, A 1; 1 Chit. PI.. 110. The action of covenant is the peculiar remedy for the non-performance of a promise under seal, where the damages are unliquidated, and depend in amount on the opinion of a jury, in which case neither debt nor assumpsit can be supported but covenant as well as the action of debt, may be maintained upon a single bill for a sum certain. When the breach of the covenant amounts to misfeasance, the covenantee has an election to proceed by action of covenant, or by action on the case for a tort, as against a lessee, either during his term or afterwards, for waste; 2 Bl. R. 1111; 2 Bl. R. 848; but this has been questioned. When the contract under seal has been enlarged by parol, the
substituted agreement will be considered, together with the original agreement, as a simple contract. 2 Watt's R. 451 1 Chit. Pl. 96; 3 T. R. 590.
COVENANT, () 4.-2. The declaration must state that the contract was under seal and it should make proffer of it, or show some excuse for the omission. 3 T. 11. 151. It is not, in general, requisite to state tho consideration of the defendant's promise, because a contract under seal usually imports a consideration; but when the performance of the consideration constitutes a condition precedent, such performance must be averred. So much only of the deed and covenant should be set forth as is essential to the cause of action: although it is usual to declare in the words of the deed, each covenant may be stated as to its legal effect. The breach may be in the negative of the covenant generally 4 Dall. R. 436; or, according to the legal effect, and sometimes in the alternative and several breaches may be assigned at common law. Damages being the object of the suit, should be laid sufficient to cover the real amount. Vide 3 Serg. & Rawle, 364; 4 Dall. R. 436 2 Yeates' R. 470 3 Serg. & Rawle, 564, 567; 9 Serg. & Rawle, 45.
COVENANT, () 5.-3. It is said that strictly there is no general issue in this action, though the plea of non est factum has been said by an intelligent writer to be the general issue. Steph. Pl. 174. But this plea only puts in issue the fact of scaling the deed. 1 Chit. Pl. 116. Non infregit conventionem, and nil debet, have both been held to be insufficient. Com. Dig. Pleader, 2 V 4. In Pennsylvania, by a practice peculiar to that state, the defendant may plead covenants and under this. plea, upon notice of the special matter, in writing, to the plaintiff, without form, he may give anything in evidence which he might have pleaded. 4 Dall. 439; 2 Yeates, 107; 15 Serg. & Rawle, 105. And this evidence, it seems, may be given in the circuit courts of the United States in that state without notice, unless called for 2 W. C. C. R. 4 5 6.
COVENANT, () 6.-4. The judgment is that the plaintiff recover a named sum for his damages, which he has sustained by reason of the breach or breaches of covenant, together with costs.
COVENANT, () contracts. A covenant, conventio, in its most general signification, means any kind of promise or contract, whether it be made in writing or by parol. Hawk. P. C. b. 1, c. 27, Sec. 7, s. 4. In a more technical sense, and the one in which it is here considered, a covenant is an agreement between two or more persons, entered into in writing and under seal, whereby either party stipulates for the truth of certain facts, or promises to perform or give something to the other, or to abstain from the performance of certain things. 2 Bl. Com. 303-4; Bac. Ab. Covenant, in pr.; 4 Cruise, 446; Sheppard, Touchs. 160; 1 Harring. 151, 233 1 Bibb, 379; 2 Bibb, 614; 3 John. 44; 20 John. 85; 4 Day, 321.
COVENANT, () 2. It differs from an express assumpsit in this, that the former may be verbal, or in writing not under seal, while the latter must always be by deed. In an assumpsit, a consideration must be shown; in a covenant no consideration is necessary to give it validity, even in a court of equity. Plowd. 308; 7 T. R. 447; 4 Barn. & Ald. 652; 3 Bingh. 111.
COVENANT, () 3. It is proposed to consider first, the general requisites of a covenant; and secondly, the several kinds of covenants.
COVENANT, () 4.-1. The general requisites are, 1st. Proper parties. 2d. Words of agreement. 3d A legal purpose. 4th. A proper form.
COVENANT, () 5.-1st. The parties must be such as by law can enter into a contract. If either for want of understanding, as in the case of an idiot or lunatic; or in the case of an infant, where the contract is not for his benefit; or where there is understanding, but owing to certain causes, as coverture, in the case of a married woman, or duress, in every case, the parties are not competent, they cannot bind themselves. See Parties to Actions.
COVENANT, () 6.-2d. There must be an agreement. The assent or consent must be mutual for the agreement would be incomplete if either party withheld his assent to any of its terms. The assent of the parties to a contract necessarily supposes a free, fair, serious exercise of the reasoning faculty. Now, if from any cause, this free assent be not given, the contract is not binding. See Consent.
COVENANT, () 7.-3d. A covenant against any positive law, or public policy, is, generally speaking, void. See Nullity; Shep. Touchs. 163. As an example of the first, is a covenant by one man that he will rob another; and of the last, a covenant by a merchant or tradesman that he will not follow his occupation or calling. This, if it be unlimited, is absolutely void but, if the covenant be that he shall not pursue his business in a particular place, as, that he will not trade in the city of Philadelphia, the covenant is no longer against public policy. See Shep. Touchs. 164. A covenant to do an impossible thing is also void. Ib.
COVENANT, () 8.-4th. To make a covenant, it must, according to the definition above given, be by deed, or under seal. No particular form of words is necessary to make a covenant, but any words which manifest the intention of the parties, in respect to the subject matter of the contract, are sufficient. Sec numerous examples in Bac. Abr. Covenant, A Selw. N. P. 469; Com. Dig. Covenant, A 2; 3 Johns. R. 44; 5 Munf. 483.
COVENANT, () 9. In Pennsylvania, Delaware, and Missouri, it is declared by statute that the words grant, bargain, and sell, shall amount to a covenant that the grantor was seised of an estate in fee, free from all incumbrances done or suffered by him, and for quiet enjoyment against his acts. But it has been adjudged that those words in the Pennsylvania statute of 1715, (and the decision will equally apply to the statutory language in the other two states,) did not amount to a general warranty, but merely to a covenant that the grantor had not done any act, nor created any incumbrance whereby the estate might be defeated. 2 Bin. 95; 11 S. & R. 111, 112; 4 Kent, Com. 460.
COVENANT, () 10.-2. The several kinds of covenants. They are, 1. Express or implied. 1. An express, covenant, or a covenant in fact, is one expressly agreed between the parties and inserted in the deed. The law does not require any particular form to create an express covenant. The formal word "covenant" is therefore not indispensably requisite. 2. Mod. 268; 3 Keb. 848; 1 Leon, 324; 1 Bing. 433; 8 J. B. Moore, 546; 1 Ch. Cas. 294; 16 East, 352; 12 East, 182 n.; 1 Bibb, 379; 2 Bibb 614; 3 John. 44; 5 Cowen, 170; 4 Day, 321 4 Conn. 508; 1 Harring. 233. The words "I oblige;" "agree," 1 Ves. 516; 2 Mod. 266; or, "I bind myself to pay so much such a day, and so much such another day;" Hardr. 178; 3 Leon. 119, Pl. 199; are held to be covenants; and so are the word's of a bond. 1 Ch. Cas. 194. But words importing merely an order or direction that other persons should pay a sum of money, are not a covenant. 6 J. B. Moore, 202, n. (a.)
COVENANT, () 11.-1. An implied covenant is one which the law intends and implies, though it be not expressed in words. 1 Common Bench Rep. 402; co. Lit. 139, b; Vaughan's Rep. 118; Rawle on Covenants, 364. There are some words which of themselves do not import an express covenant, yet being made use of in certain contracts, have a similar operation and are called covenants in law. They are as effectually binding on the parties as if expressed in the most unequivocal terms. Bac. Ab. Covenant, B. A few examples will fully explain this. If a lessor demise and grant to his lessee a house or lands for a certain term, the law will imply a covenant on the part of the lessor, that the lessee shall during the term quietly enjoy the same against all incumbrances. Co. Litt. 384. When in a lease the words "grant," 1 Mod. 113 Freem. 367; Cro. Eliz. 214; 4 Taunt. 609; "grant and demise," 4 Wend. 502; "demise," 10 Mod. 162; 4 Co. 80; Hob. 12; or "demiserunt," I Show. 79 1 Salk. 137, are used, they are so many instances of implied covenants. And the words "yielding and paying" in a lease, imply a covenant on the part of lessee, that he will pay the rent. 9 Verm. 151; 3 Penn. 461, 464.
COVENANT, () 12.-2. Real and personal. 1st. A real covenant is one which has for its object something annexed to, or inherent in, or connected with land or other property. Co Litt. 334; enk 241; Cruise, Dig. tit. 32, c. 25, s. 22; Platt. on Cov. 60, 61; 2 Bl. Com. 304. A covenant real, which necessarily runs with the land, as to pay rent, not to cut timber, and the like, is said to be an inherent covenant. Shep. To. 161. A covenant real runs with the land and descends to the heir; it is also transferred to a purchaser. Such covenants are said to run with the land, so that he who has the one is subject to the other. Bac. Ab. Covenants, E 2. See 2 Penn. 507; 10 Wend 180; 12 Mass. 306; 17 Mass. 586; 5 Cowen, 137; 5 Ham. 156; 5 Conn. 497; 1 Wash. C. C. 375; 8 Cowen 206; 1 Dall. 210; 11 Shep. 283; 6 Met. 139; 3 Mete. 81; 3 Harring. 338; 17 Wend. 136.
COVENANT, () 13.-2. As commonly reckoned, there are five covenants for title, viz: 1. Covenant for seisin. 2. That the grantor has perfect right to convey. 3. That the grantee shall quietly possess and enjoy the premises without interruption, called a covenant for quiet enjoyment. 4. The covenant against incumbrances. 5. The covenant for further assurance. 6. Besides these covenants, there is another frequently resorted to in the United States, which is relied on more, perhaps, than any other, called the covenant of warranty. See Rawle on Covenants for Title, where the import and effect of these covenants are elaborately and luminously discussed.
COVENANT, () 14.-3. A personal covenant relates only to matters personal, as distinguished from real, and is binding on the covenantor during life, and on his personal representatives after his decease, in respect of his assets. According to Sir William Blackstone, a personal covenant may be transformed into a real, by the mere circumstance of the heirs being named therein, and having assets by descent from the covenantor. 2 Bl. Com 304. A covenant is personal in another sense, where the covenantor is bound to fulfill the covenant himself; as, to teach an apprentice. F.N.B. 340, A.
COVENANT, () 15. Personal covenants are also said to be transitive and intransitive; the former, when the duty of performing them passes to the covenantor's representatives; the latter, when it is limited to himself; as, in the case of teaching an apprentice. Bac. Ab. h.t.
COVENANT, () 16. As they affect each other in the same deed, covenants may be divided into three classes. 1st. Dependent covenants are those in which the performance, of one depends on the performance of the other; there may be conditions which must be performed before the other party is liable to an action on his covenant. 8 S. & R. 268; 4 Conn. 3; 1 Blackf. 175; John. 209; 2 Stew. & Port. 60; 6 Cowen 296; 3 Ala. R. 330; 3 Pike 581; 2 W. & S. 227; 5 Shep. 232; 11 Verm. 549; 4 W. C. C. 714; Platt on Cov. 71; 2 Dougl. 689; Lofft, 191; 2 Selw. N. P. 443, 444. To ascertain whether covenants are dependent or not, the intention of the parties is to be sought for and regarded rather than the order or time in which the acts are to be done, or the structure of the instrument, or the arrangements of the covenant. 4 Wash. C. C. 714; 1 Root, 170; 4 Rand. 352; 4 Rawle, 26; 5 Wend. 496; 2 John. 145; 13 Mass. 410; 2 W. & S. 227; 4 W. & S. 527; Willis, 157; 7 T. R. 130; 8 T.R. 366; 5 B. & P. 223; 1 Saund. 320 n.
COVENANT, () 17.-2d. Some covenants are mutual conditions to be performed at the same time; these are concurrent covenants. When, in these cases, one party is ready and offers to perform his part, and the other refuses or neglects toperform his, he who is ready and offers, has fulfilled his engagement, and may maintain an action for the default of the other, though it is not certain that either is obliged to do the first act. 4 Wash. C. C. 714; Dougl. 698; 2 Selw. N. P. 443; Platt. on Cov. 71.
COVENANT, () 18.-3d. Covenants are independent or mutual, when either party may recover damages from the other for the injury he may have received by a breach of the covenants in his favor, and when it is no excuse for the defendant to allege a breach of the covenants on the part of the plaintiff. 2 Wash. C. C. R. 456; 5 Shepl. 372; 4 Leigh, 21; 3 Watts & S. 300; 13 Mass. 410; 2 Pick. 300; 2 John. 145; 10 John. 203; Minor 21; 2 Bibb, 15; 3 Stew. 361; 1 Fairf. 49; 6 Binn. 166; 2 Marsh. 429; 7 John. 249; 5 Wend. 496; 3 Miss. 329; 2 Har. & J. 467; 4 Har. & J. 285; 2 Marsh. 429; 4 Conn. 3.
COVENANT, () 19. Covenants are affirmative and negative. 1st. An affirmative covenant is one by which the covenantor binds himself that something has already been done or shall be performed hereafter. Such a covenant will not deprive a man of a right lawfully enjoyed by him independently of the covenant; 5 as, if the lessor agreed with the lessee that he shall have thorns for hedges growing upon the land, by assignment of the lessor's bailiff; here no restraint is imposed upon the exercise of that liberty which the law allows to the lessee, and therefore he may take hedge-bote without assignment. Dy. 19 b, pl. 115; 1 Leon, 251.
COVENANT, () 20.-2d. A negative covenant is one where the party binds himself that he has not performed and will not perform a certain act; as, that he will not encumber. Such a covenant cannot be said to be performed until it becomes impossible to break it. On this ground the courts are unwilling to construe a covenant of this kind to be a condition precedent. Therefore, where a tailor assigned his trade to the defendant, and covenanted thenceforth to desist from carrying on the said business with any of the customers, and the defendant in consideration of the performance thereof, covenanted to pay him a life annuity of 190, it was held that if the words "in consideration of the performance thereof," should be deemed to amount to a condition precedent, the plaintiff would never obtain his annuity; because as at anytime during his life he might exercise his former trade, until his death it could never be ascertained whether he had performed the covenant or not. 2 Saund. 156; 1 Sid. 464; 1 Mod. 64; 2 Keb. 674. The defendant, however, on a breach by plaintiff, might have his remedy by a cross action ofcovenant. There is also a difference between a negative covenant, which is only in affirmance of an affirmative covenant precedent, and a negative covenant which is additional to the affirmative covenant. 1 Sid. 87; 1 Keb. 334, 372. To a covenant of the former class a plea of performance generally is good, but not to the latter; the defendant in that case must plead specially. Id.
COVENANT, () 21. Covenants, considered with regard to the parties who are to perform them, are joint or several. 1st. A joint covenant is one by which several parties agree to perform or do a thing together. In this case although there are several covenantors there is but one contract, and if the covenant be broken, all the covenantors living, must be sued; as there is not a separate obligation of each, they cannot be sued separately.
COVENANT, () 22.-2d. A several covenant is one entered into by one person only. It frequently happens that a number of persons enter into the same contract, and that each binds himself to perform the whole of it; in such case, when the Contract is under seal, the covenantors are severally bound for the performance of it. The terms usually employed to make a several covenant are "severally," or "each of us." In practice, it is common for the parties to bind themselves jointly and severally, and then the covenant is both joint and several. Vide Hamm. on Parties 19; Cruise, Dig. tit. 32, c. 25, s. 18; Bac. Ab. Covenant D
COVENANT, () 23. Covenants are executed or executory. 1st. An executed covenant is one which relates to an act already performed. Shep. To. 161.
COVENANT, () 24.-2d. An executory covenant is one to be performed at a future time. Shep. To. 161.
COVENANT, () 25. Covenants are obligatory or declaratory. 1st. An obligatory covenant is one which is binding on the party himself, and shall never be construed to raise a use. 1 Sid. 27; 1 Keb. 334.
COVENANT, () 26.-2d. A declaratory covenant is one which serves to limit and direct uses. 1 Sid. 27; 1 Heb. 334.
COVENANT, () 27. Covenants are principal and auxiliary. 1st. A principal covenant is one which relates directly to the principal matter of the contract entered into between the parties; as, if A covenants to serve B for one year.
COVENANT, () 28.-2d. An auxiliary covenant is one, which, not relating directly to the principal matter of the contract between the parties, yet relates to something connected with it; as, if A covenants with B, that C will perform his covenant to serve him for one year. In this case, if the principal covenant is void, the auxiliary is discharged. Anstr. 256.
COVENANT, () 29. Covenants are legal or illegal. 1st. A legal covenant is one not forbidden by law. Covenants of this kind are always binding on the parties.
COVENANT, () 30.-2d. An illegal covenant is one forbidden by law, either expressly or by implication. A covenant entered into, in violation of, the express provision of a statute is absolutely void. 5 Har. & J. 193; 5 N. H. Rep. 96; 6 N. H. Rep. 225; 4 Dall. 298; 6 Binn. 321; 4 S.& R. 159; 1 Binn. 118; 4 Halst. 252. A covenant is also void, if it be of immoral nature; as, a covenant for future illicit intercourse and cohabitation; 3 Monr. 35; 3 Burr. 1568; S. C. 1 Bl. Rep. 517; 1 Esp. 13; 1 B. P. 340; or against public policy; 5 Mass. 385; 7 Greenl. 113; 4 Mass. 370; 5 Halst. 87; 4 Wash. C. C. 297; 11 Wheat. 258; 3 Day, 145; 2 McLean, 464; 7 Watts, 152; 5 Watts & S. 315; 5 How. Miss. 769; Geo. Decis. part 1, 39 in restraint of trade, when the restraint is general; 21 Wend. 166; 19 Pick. 51; 6 Pick. 206; 7 Cowen, 307; or fraudulent between the parties; 5 Mass. 16; 4 S. & R. 488; 4 Dall. 250; 7 W. & S. 111; or third persons; 3 Day, 450; 14 S. & R. 214; 3 Caines, 213; 15 Pick. 49; 2 John. 286 12 John. 306.
COVENANT, () 31. Covenants, in the disjunctive or alternative, are those which give the covenantor the choice of doing, or the covenantee the choice of having, performed one of two or more things at his election; as, a covenant to make a lease to Titus, or pay him one hundred dollars on the fourth day of July, as the covenantor, or the covenantee, as the case may be, shall prefer. Platt on Cov. 21.
COVENANT, () 32. Collateral covenants are such as concern some collateral thing, which does not at all, or not so immediately relate to the thing granted; as, to pay a sum of money in gross, that the lessor shall distrain for rent, on some other land than that which is demised, or the like. Touchs. 161; 4 Burr. 2446; 2 Wils. R. 27; 1 Ves. R. 56. These covenants are also termed covenants in gross. Vide 5 Barn. & Ald. 7, 8; Platt on Cov. 69, 70.
Covenantee (n.) The person in whose favor a covenant is made.
Covenanter (n.) One who makes a covenant.
Covenanter (n.) One who subscribed and defended the "Solemn League and Covenant." See Covenant.
Covenanting (a.) Belonging to a covenant. Specifically, belonging to the Scotch Covenanters.
Covenantor (n.) The party who makes a covenant.
Covenous (a.) See Covinous, and Covin.
Covent (n.) A convent or monastery.
Covered (imp. & p. p.) of Cover.
Covering (p. pr. & vb. n.) of Cover.
Cover (v. t.) 遮蓋；覆蓋 [（+with）]；覆蓋……的表面 [（+in/ with）] To overspread the surface of (one thing) with another; as, to cover wood with paint or lacquer; to cover a table with a cloth.
Cover (v. t.) To envelop; to clothe, as with a mantle or cloak.
Cover (v. t.) To invest (one's self with something); to bring upon (one's self); as, he covered himself with glory.
Cover (v. t.) To hide sight; to conceal; to cloak; as, the enemy were covered from our sight by the woods.
Cover (v. t.) To brood or sit on; to incubate.
Cover (v. t.) To shelter, as from evil or danger; to protect; to defend; as, the cavalry covered the retreat.
Cover (v. t.) To remove from remembrance; to put away; to remit.
Cover (v. t.) To extend over; to be sufficient for; to comprehend, include, or embrace; to account for or solve; to counterbalance; as, a mortgage which fully covers a sum loaned on it; a law which covers all possible cases of a crime; receipts than do not cover expenses.
Cover (v. t.) To put the usual covering or headdress on.
Cover (v. t.) To copulate with (a female); to serve; as, a horse covers a mare; -- said of the male.
Cover (n.) 遮蓋物；蓋子；套子 [C]；（書的）封面，封底 [C] Anything which is laid, set, or spread, upon, about, or over, another thing; an envelope; a lid; as, the cover of a book.
Cover (n.) Anything which veils or conceals; a screen; disguise; a cloak. "Under cover of the night." -- Macaulay.
A handsome cover for imperfections. -- Collier.
Cover (n.) Shelter; protection; as, the troops fought under cover of the batteries; the woods afforded a good cover.
Cover (n.) The woods, underbrush, etc., which shelter and conceal game; covert; as, to beat a cover; to ride to cover.
Cover (n.) The lap of a slide valve.
Cover (n.) A tablecloth, and the other table furniture; esp., the table furniture for the use of one person at a meal; as, covers were laid for fifty guests.
Cover (v. i.) 頂替，代替 [（+for）] To spread a table for a meal; to prepare a banquet.
Coverage (n.) 覆蓋，覆蓋範圍；保險項目（或範圍） The range of items covered. Coverage may be small ({narrow coverage], or large ({broad coverage} or wide coverage).
Coverage (n.) The aggregate of risks covered by the terms of a contract of insurance.
Coverage (n.) The state of being insured; insurance.
Coverage (n.) The areas reached by a radio transmission signal, or group of people reached by a communications medium, such as television or a newspaper.
Coverage (n.) The range of topics treated in a discourse or document, or the depth to which a subject is discussed; as, a news program may have extensive coverage of an event. "gavel-to-gavel coverage of the Democratic convention."
Coverage (n.) The news as presented by reporters for newspapers or radio of television; as, they accused the paper of biased coverage of race relations.
Syn: reporting, reportage.
Coverage (n.) The total amount and type of insurance carried [syn: coverage, insurance coverage].
Coverage (n.) The extent to which something is covered; "the dictionary's coverage of standard English is excellent."
Coverage (n.) The news as presented by reporters for newspapers or radio or television; "they accused the paper of biased coverage of race relations" [syn: coverage, reporting, reportage].
Coverchief (n.) A covering for the head.
Covercle (n.) A small cover; a lid.
Covered (a.) Under cover; screened; sheltered; not exposed; hidden.
Coverer (n.) One who, or that which, covers.
Covering (n.) Anything which covers or conceals, as a roof, a screen, a wrapper, clothing, etc.
Coverlet (n.) The uppermost cover of a bed or of any piece of furniture.
Coverlid (n.) A coverlet.
Cover-point (n.) The fielder in the games of cricket and lacrosse who supports "point."
Coversed sine () The versed sine of the complement of an arc or angle. See Illust. of Functions.
Cover-shame (n.) Something used to conceal infamy.
Covert (a.) Covered over; private; hid; secret; disguised.
How covert matters may be best disclosed. -- Shak.
Whether of open war or covert guile. -- Milton
Covert (a.) Sheltered; not open or exposed; retired; protected; as, a covert nook. -- Wordsworth.
Of either side the green, to plant a covert alley. -- Bacon.
Covert (a.) (Law) Under cover, authority or protection; as, a feme covert, a married woman who is considered as being under the protection and control of her husband.
Covert way, (Fort.) See Covered way, under Covered.
Syn: Hidden; secret; private; covered; disguised; insidious; concealed. See Hidden.
Covert (n.) A place that covers and protects; a shelter; a defense.
A tabernacle . . . for a covert from storm. -- Is. iv. 6.
The highwayman has darted from his covered by the wayside. -- Prescott.
Covert (n.) (Zool.) One of the special feathers covering the bases of the quills of the wings and tail of a bird. See Illust. of Bird.
Covert (a.) Secret or hidden; not openly practiced or engaged in or shown or avowed; "covert actions by the CIA"; "covert funding for the rebels" [ant: open, overt].
Covert (a.) (Of a wife) Being under the protection of her husband; "a woman covert."
Covert (n.) A flock of coots.
Covert (n.) A covering that serves to conceal or shelter something; "a screen of trees afforded privacy"; "under cover of darkness"; "the brush provided a covert for game"; "the simplest concealment is to match perfectly the color of the background" [syn: screen, cover, covert, concealment].
COVERT, BARON. () A wife; so called, from her being under the cover or protection of her husband, baron or lord.
Covert baron () (Law) Under the protection of a husband; married. -- Burrill.
Covertly (adv.) Secretly; in private; insidiously.
Covertly (adv.) In a covert manner; "he did it covertly" [ant: overtly].
Covertness (n.) Secrecy; privacy. [R.]
Covertness (n.) The state of being covert and hidden [syn: hiddenness, covertness].
Coverture (n.) Covering; shelter; defense; hiding.
Protected by walls or other like coverture. -- Woodward.
Beatrice, who even now Is couched in the woodbine coverture. -- Shak.
Coverture (n.) (Law) The condition of a woman during marriage, because she is considered under the cover, influence, power, and protection of her husband, and therefore called a feme covert, or femme couverte.
Covered (imp. & p. p.) of Covet.
Coveting (p. pr. & vb. n.) of Covet.
Covet (v. t.) To wish for with eagerness; to desire possession of; -- used in a good sense.
Covet earnestly the best gifts. -- 1. Cor. xxii. 31.
If it be a sin to covet honor, I am the most offending soul alive. -- Shak.
Covet (v. t.) To long for inordinately or unlawfully; to hanker after (something forbidden).
Thou shalt not covet thy neighbor's house. -- Ex. xx. 17.
Syn: To long for; desire; hanker after; crave.
Covet (v. i.) To have or indulge inordinate desire.
Which [money] while some coveted after, they have erred from the faith. -- 1 Tim. vi. 10.
Covet (v.) Wish, long, or crave for (something, especially the property of another person); "She covets her sister's house."
Covetable (a.) That may be coveted; desirable.
Coveter (n.) One who covets.
Covetise (n.) Avarice. [Obs.] -- Spenser.
Covetiveness (n.) (Phren.) Acquisitiveness.
Covetous (a.) 垂涎的；貪圖的；渴望的 [（+of）] Very desirous; eager to obtain; -- used in a good sense. [Archaic]
Covetous of wisdom and fair virtue. -- Shak.
Covetous death bereaved us all, To aggrandize one funeral. -- Emerson.
Covetous (a.) Inordinately desirous; excessively eager to obtain and possess (esp. money); avaricious; -- in a bad sense.
The covetous person lives as if the world were madealtogether for him, and not he for the world. -- South.
Syn: Avaricious; parsimonious; penurious; misrely; niggardly. See Avaricious.
Covetous (a.) Showing extreme cupidity; painfully desirous of another's advantages; "he was never covetous before he met her"; "jealous of his success and covetous of his possessions"; "envious of their art collection" [syn: covetous, envious, jealous].
Covetous (a.) Immoderately desirous of acquiring e.g. wealth; "they are avaricious and will do anything for money"; "casting covetous eyes on his neighbor's fields"; "a grasping old miser"; "grasping commercialism"; "greedy for money and power"; "grew richer and greedier"; "prehensile employers stingy with raises for their employees" [syn: avaricious, covetous, grabby, grasping, greedy, prehensile].
Covetously (adv.) 妄想地；貪心地 In a covetous manner.
Covetously (adv.) With jealousy; in an envious manner; "he looked at his friend's new car jealously" [syn: enviously, covetously, jealously].
Covetously (adv.) In a greedy manner [syn: avariciously, covetously, greedily].
Covetousness (n.) 貪求；垂涎 Strong desire. [R.]
When workmen strive to do better than well, They do confound their skill in covetousness. -- Shak.
Covetousness (n.) A strong or inordinate desire of obtaining and possessing some supposed good; excessive desire for riches or money; -- in a bad sense.
Covetousness, by a greed of getting more, deprivess itself of the true end of getting. -- Sprat.
Syn: Avarice; cupidity; eagerness.
Covetousness (n.) An envious eagerness to possess something.
Covetousness (n.) Extreme greed for material wealth [syn: avarice, avariciousness, covetousness, cupidity].
Covetousness (n.) Reprehensible acquisitiveness; insatiable desire for wealth (personified as one of the deadly sins) [syn: avarice, greed, covetousness, rapacity, avaritia].
Covetousness () A strong desire after the possession of worldly things (Col. 3:5; Eph. 5:5; Heb. 13:5; 1 Tim. 6:9, 10; Matt. 6:20).
It assumes sometimes the more aggravated form of avarice, which is the mark of cold-hearted worldliness.
Covey (v. i.) To brood; to incubate. [Obs.]
[Tortoises] Covey a whole year before they hatch. -- Holland.
Covey (n.) A pantry. [Prov. Eng.] -- Parker.
Covey (n.) （鵪鶉的）群；一隊；一組；一群；一套 A brood or hatch of birds; an old bird with her brood of young; hence, a small flock or number of birds together; -- said of game; as, a covey of partridges. -- Darwin.
Covey (n.) A company; a bevy; as, a covey of girls. -- Addison.
Covey (n.) A small collection of people.
Covey (n.) A small flock of grouse or partridge.
COVID-19 (n.) [Pathology] 2019新型冠狀病毒肺炎，嚴重特殊傳染性肺炎 Coronavirus disease 2019: A potentially severe, primarily respiratory illness caused by a coronavirus and characterized by fever, coughing, and shortness of breath. In some patients, the disease can also damage major organs, as the heart or kidneys.
Covin (n.) (Law) A collusive agreement between two or more persons to prejudice a third.
Covin (n.) Deceit; fraud; artifice. [Obs.] -- Chaucer.
COVIN, () Fraud. A secret contrivance between two or more persons to defraud and prejudice another of his rights. Co. Litt 357, b; Com. Dig. Covin, A; 1 Vin. Abr. 473. Vide Collusion; Fraud.
Covinous (a.) (Law) Deceitful; collusive; fraudulent; dishonest.
Cow (n.) A chimney cap; a cowl
Cows (n. pl. ) of Cow.
Kine (n. pl. ) of Cow.
Kine (n. pl. ) Cows. "A herd of fifty or sixty kine." -- Milton. Kinematic
Cow (n.) The mature female of bovine animals.
Cow (n.) The female of certain large mammals, as whales, seals, etc.
Cowed (imp. & p. p.) of Cow.
Cowing (p. pr. & vb. n.) of Cow.